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Title: Grammar Unit


1
Grammar Unit
  • English 9

2
Parts of Speech
  • Definition a way of categorizing words in
    isolation
  • Eight
  • Noun
  • Pronoun
  • Verb
  • Adverb
  • Adjective
  • Conjunction
  • Preposition
  • Interjection

3
Sentence Parts
  • Definition a way of identifying words in
    sentences based on their function or relationship
    to other words in the same sentence
  • Every word is NOT a sentence part!

4
Step 1
  • Identify prepositional phrases

5
Prepositional Phrases
  • Preposition Object of Preposition (noun or
    pronoun that follows the preposition)
  • Position word
  • Shows the position (relationship) of one object
    to another

6
Slot Test for Prepositions
  • The bird flew __________ the clouds.

7
Slot Test for Prepositions
  • It must answer a question
  • Example of a prepositional phrase
  • I went by the store.
  • By what? The store.
  • Therefore, by the store is a prepositional phrase
  • Non-example
  • I went by and bought some food.
  • By what? There is no answer.
  • Therefore, there is no prepositional phrase!

8
Rules of Prepositions
  • Subject/verb pairs are NEVER found in a
    prepositional phrase.
  • The words of and with are ALWAYS prepositions (if
    used correctly)
  • To find subject/verb pairs, simplify sentences by
    identifying and eliminating all prepositional
    phrases

9
Generate Preposition List
  • Complete Prepositions Worksheet 1
  • Fill words into your preposition list in your
    Grammar Notes packet

10
Step 2
  • Identify the verb

11
Verbs
  • Three types
  • helping verbs
  • linking verbs
  • action verbs

12
Linking Verbs
  • Do NOT show action
  • Link the subject with a noun or pronoun
  • Link the subject with an adjective (describing
    word)

OR
13
Linking Verbs
  • Example sentences
  • His mother is an accountant.
  • links mother and accountant
  • The winners of the game were they.
  • Links winners and they
  • Mary became sick after the high jump.
  • links Mary and sick

14
Linking Verbs
  • State of being verbs
  • Differing forms of to be
  • is
  • am
  • are
  • was
  • were
  • be
  • being
  • been

15
Linking Verbs
  • Verbs that are ALWAYS linking verbs
  • To be (is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been)
  • To seem
  • To become

16
Linking Verbs
  • Verbs that are sometimes linking verbs
  • To feel
  • To taste
  • To look
  • To smell
  • To sound
  • To grow
  • To remain
  • To appear
  • To stay

17
Linking Verbs
  • Replacement Test
  • To check if a verb is serving as a linking verb,
    replace it with a form of to be.
  • If the sentence makes sense and the meaning is
    not changed, the verb is a linking verb!
  • Example
  • Joe smelled stinky.
  • Joe was stinky.

18
Linking Verbs
  • Flip-Flop Test

19
Helping Verbs
  • Help with creating tense
  • Examples of helping verbs

is be had should must
am being do would can
are been does could shall
was has did may
were have will might
20
Helping Verbs
  • Example sentences
  • I may go to the store today.
  • She did not tell him about the test.
  • I shall wait until dark.

21
Action Verbs
  • expressing action - something that a person,
    animal, force of nature, or thing can do
  • Examples
  • I jumped over a toad and landed on a frog.
  • Our teacher gave us a huge test today.
  • Jimmy thought about his project.

22
Step 3
  • Identifying the subject

23
Subject/Verb Pairs and Prepositional Phrases
  • Identify the subject and verb of the following
    sentence
  • From the dark of the night came the screams of
    the young girl.

24
Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
  • Remember, you NEVER find a subject/verb pair in a
    prepositional phrase!
  • First step
  • Cross off all prepositional phrases (PP)
  • From the dark of the night came the screams of
    the young girl.

25
Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
  • From the dark of the night came the screams of
    the young girl.
  • Whats left?
  • came the screams

26
Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
  • 2nd Step Locate the verb
  • Remember verbs are action, linking or helping
  • Verbs indicate tense
  • Past, present and future
  • Which word would change the tense of the
    sentence?
  • came?
  • the?
  • screams?

27
Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
  • 3rd Step Locate the verb
  • Example
  • From the dark of the night came the screams of
    the young girl.
  • came is the verb!

28
Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
  • Locate the subject
  • Ask who/what verb?
  • Who/what came?
  • From the dark of the night came the screams of
    the young girl.

Verb
29
Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
  • Who/what came?
  • The screams came.
  • Therefore, screams is the subject
  • From the dark of the night came the screams of
    the young girl.

Verb
Subject
30
Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
  • Keep in mind
  • Subjects MUST indicate number
  • One or more than one
  • In our example
  • From the dark of the night came the screams of
    the young girl.
  • screams is plural

31
Imperative Sentences
  • Identify the subject/verb pair
  • Example
  • Take the roast from the oven.

32
Imperative Sentences
  • Identifying the subject/verb pair
  • Example
  • Take the roast from the oven.
  • Has anyone ever seen a roast take something out
    of the oven?
  • NO? So who/what is the subject?

33
Imperative Sentences
  • Its YOU!
  • Imperative sentences are commands.
  • Therefore, the understood subject is you

34
Imperative Sentences
  • Is the following example an imperative sentence?
  • Example
  • Mark, leave the room immediately!

35
Imperative Sentences
  • Yes, it is.
  • Mark is a noun of address
  • Mark is not the subject
  • Notice the comma following the name
  • This indicates that Mark is not the subject, just
    a means of getting his attention

36
Subject/Verb Patterns
  • Complete Subject/Verb Pairs Worksheet 1 and 2

37
Sentence Patterns
  • English language has six basic patterns
  • S-V
  • S-(a)V-DO
  • S-(a)V-IO-DO
  • S-(l)V-PN
  • S-(l)V-PA
  • V-S (inverted sentence)

38
Sentence Patterns
  • Legend
  • Ssubject
  • Vverb
  • (a)Vaction verb
  • (l)V-linking verb
  • DOdirect object
  • IOindirect object
  • PNpredicate noun
  • PApredicate adjective

39
Sentence Patterns
  • Practice identifying sentence patterns using
    previous prepositional phrase exercises

40
Direct Objects
  • Always follow an action verb and receive the
    action of the verb.
  • Verb who or what?

41
Direct Objects
  • Example
  • I throw the eraser.
  • Follow the steps (strategies)
  • 1. Any prepositional phrases?
  • 2. Verb?
  • 3. Subject?
  • 4. If action verb - Direct Object?

42
Direct Objects
  • Example
  • I throw the eraser.
  • Follow the steps (strategies)
  • 1. Any prepositional phrases? none
  • 2. Verb? throw
  • 3. Subject? Who throws? I
  • 4. Type of verb? action Direct Object? (If there
    is an action verb) eraser

43
Direct Objects
  • Complete DO Practice 1 to find direct objects.
  • Also, identify sentence patterns for each
    sentence.

44
Indirect Objects
  • Always fall between an action verb and a direct
    object.
  • An IO receives the DO.
  • Look for a noun or pronoun in between the action
    verb and the direct object.
  • Make sure it RECEIVES the DO!

45
Indirect Objects
  • Example
  • I throw Ben the eraser.
  • Follow the steps (strategies)
  • 1. Any prepositional phrases? none
  • 2. Verb? throw
  • 3. Subject? Who throws? I
  • 4. What type of verb? action
  • Direct Object? eraser
  • 5. Indirect Object?

46
Indirect Objects
  • Example
  • I throw Ben the eraser.
  • Follow the steps (strategies)
  • 1. Any prepositional phrases? none
  • 2. Verb? throw
  • 3. Subject? Who throws? I
  • 4. Type of verb? action
  • Direct Object? eraser
  • 5. Indirect Object? Ben

47
Indirect Objects
  • Does the following sentence have an indirect
    object?
  • Example
  • I throw the eraser to Ben.

48
Indirect Objects
  • Does the following sentence have an indirect
    object? NO!
  • Example
  • DO
  • I throw the eraser to Ben.

49
Indirect Objects
  • Use IO Practice 1 to find indirect objects.
  • Identify sentence patterns.
  • All sentences with IOs should be
  • S-V-IO-DO.

50
Direct Objects and Inidirect Objects
  • Use DO and IO Practice 1 to find direct objects
    and indirect objects.
  • Identify sentences patterns.
  • You should NEVER find an IO following a DO!
  • Some sentences will not have DOs.

51
Predicate Nouns
  • Always follow a linking verb and equal or rename
    the subject.

52
Predicate Nouns
  • Example
  • I am a teacher in this classroom.
  • Follow steps
  • 1. prepositional phrases?
  • 2. verb?
  • 3. subject?
  • 4. Type of verb? linking predicate noun?
  • Notice we have changed to a LINKING VERB!

53
Predicate Nouns
  • Example
  • I am a teacher in this classroom.
  • Follow steps
  • 1. prepositional phrases? in this classroom
  • 2. verb? am
  • 3. subject? Who is? I
  • 4. Type of verb? linking
  • predicate noun? Is the sentence saying that I
    teacher?
  • Yes! Therefore, teacher is the predicate noun.

54
Predicate Nouns
  • Example
  • PN
  • My dad is the track coach at school.
  • dad coach
  • PN
  • Julie is the best volleyball player on the team.
  • Julie player

55
Predicate Nouns
  • A sentence may contain a compound predicate noun
  • Example
  • PN PN
  • My best subjects are history and math.

56
Predicate Nouns
  • Complete Predicate Nouns Practice 1 and 2
  • Identify the sentence patterns.

57
Predicate Adjectives
  • Follows a linking verb and describes the subject

58
Predicate Adjectives
  • Example
  • I am unhappy about the loss of my favorite team.
  • Follow the steps
  • Prepositional phrase?
  • Verb?
  • Subject?
  • Type of verb? linking
  • Predicate Noun? none
  • Predicate adjective?

59
Predicate Adjectives
  • Example
  • I am unhappy about the loss of my favorite team.
  • Follow the steps
  • Prepositional phrase? about the loss, of my
    favorite team
  • Verb? am
  • Subject? Who is? I
  • Type of verb? linking
  • Predicate Noun? none
  • Predicate adjective? unhappy

60
Predicate Adjectives
  • Remember, some linking verbs deal with the
    senses.
  • If the verb can be replaced with is or are, it is
    being used as a linking verb
  • Example
  • The peanuts taste salty.
  • The peanuts are salty.

61
Predicate Adjectives
  • Example
  • My dog is brown.
  • Follow steps
  • Prepositional phrase?
  • Verb?
  • Subject?
  • Type of verb? linking
  • Predicate noun? none
  • Predicate adjective?

62
Predicate Adjectives
  • Example
  • PA
  • My dog is brown.
  • PA
  • The shorts in the closet are blue.

63
Predicate Adjectives
  • Complete Predicate Adjectives Practice 1 and 2
  • Identify sentence patterns

64
Noun Functions
  • How a noun is used in a sentence
  • Five functions
  • Object of a preposition
  • A subject
  • A direct object
  • An indirect object
  • As a predicate noun

65
Noun Functions
  • Complete Predicate Adjectives/Noun Functions
    Practice 1
  • Identify sentence patterns

66
Noun Functions
  • Complete Noun Functions Practice 1 and 2
  • Identify sentence patterns

67
Adjectives
  • Modifies nouns or pronouns
  • a, an, and the are ALWAYS adjectives
  • Nouns must follow them
  • Sometimes other adjectives or adverbs may follow
    too
  • ALL possessive pronouns and possessive words
    function as adjectives

68
Adjectives
  • Example
  • The green bananas were hanging from the damaged
    apple tree.
  • Follow steps
  • Prepositional phrases?
  • Verb?
  • Subject?
  • Type of verb?
  • DO?
  • Identify nouns and pronouns (OP, S, DO, IO, PN)
    and find words modifying them.

69
Adjectives
  • Example
  • The green bananas were hanging from the damaged
    apple tree.
  • Follow steps
  • Prepositional phrases? from the damaged apple
    tree
  • Verb? were hanging
  • Subject? What was hanging? bananas
  • Type of verb? action
  • DO? Were hanging what? Were hanging what? No DO.
  • Noun/pronoun modifiers? the green, the damaged,
    apple

70
Adjectives
  • Example
  • adj adj HV AV
  • The green bananas were hanging from
  • adj adj adj PO
  • the damaged apple tree.

71
Adverbs
  • Modify everything that is not a noun or pronoun
  • Modify adjectives, adverbs and verbs
  • Words ending in ly are adverbs, but not all
    adverbs end in ly
  • The only way to be sure is to ID the word being
    modified!
  • Tell where, when, how much, and to what extent

72
Adverbs
  • Example
  • I was very distraught about the loss of my
    friendly brother in the extremely violent storm.
  • Follow the steps
  • Prepositional phrases?
  • Verb?
  • Subject?
  • Type of verb? DO? Or PN or PA?
  • Adjectives?
  • Adverbs?

73
Adverbs
  • Example
  • I was very distraught about the loss of my
    friendly brother in the extremely violent storm.
  • Follow the steps
  • Prepositional phrases? about the loss, of my
    friendly brother, in the extremely violent storm
  • Verb? was
  • Subject? Who was? I
  • Type of verb? linking DO? No, not an AV Or PN or
    PA? PA distraught (describes I)
  • Adjectives? the, my, friendly, the, violent
  • Adverbs? very, extremely

74
Adjectives and Adverbs
  • Complete Adjective and Adverbs Practice 1
  • Identify sentence patterns.

75
Conjunctions
  • Connect elements
  • Two types
  • Coordinate connect like elements, two phrases,
    two clauses, two sentences, two sentence parts
  • and, but, for, nor, yet, so, or
  • Subordinate subordinate one element to another
  • before, after, because, if, when (just a few)
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