Guide to English-Speaking Countries

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Guide to English-Speaking Countries
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Chapter 2 History
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland
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CONTENT
Transition to the Modern Age
II
The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
III
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I
The Founding of the Nation
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1.1 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxons

• 1.1.1 Prehistoric Period (history undocumented)
• 9,000 years ago part of E-Continent
• 3,000 BC Iberians
• 
  (Stonehenge)

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1.1 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxons

• Stonehenge
• It is the most famous prehistoric
  monument in Britain and is situated on Salisbury
  Plain in the county of Wiltshire. People began
  building Stonehenge about 5,000 years ago,
  dragging each stone into place.

Stonehenge and its Statue
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1.1.2 Celtic Britain (8th5th Century BC)

• The name of BritainBritons
• Tribal society
• Celtic Language
• (Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh)

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1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD5th Century)

• First invasionIn August 55 BC, Julius Caesar
  invaded Britain
• SecondCaesar's second raid in 54 BC
• Third and finalIn 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final
  and successful Roman invasion of Britain
• LeftGermanic attack in Rome, forcing all Roman
  troops to leave Britain, and thus ending the
  Roman occupation of the island.

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1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD5th Century)

• Capable administrators good builders (towns and
  cities roads)
• Building of London
• River Thames
• London Bridge
• Building of roads

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1.1.4 The Anglo-Saxon Invasion (5th8th Century)

• Germanic people
• (the Jutes from Jutland, Angles from South of
  Denmark and Saxons from Germany)
• English (language of the Angles)
• dominant language
• Roman Christianity
• St. Augustine brings Christianity to Britain
  from Rome and becomes Archbishop of Canterbury

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1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Century1066)

• the Vikings (from the Scandinavian countries
  Norway, Denmark and Sweden)
• Alfred the Great, king of Wessex
• A peace treaty the eastern half of the island
  was to be subject to the Danish law and come to
  be known as the Danelaw
• From 1016 to 1042, under the rule of Danish
  kings.
• In 1042, the English throne was returned to the
  Anglo-Saxons

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1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Century1066)

• Westminster Abbey, built in1052, by the
  penultimate King of England, the Edward the
  Confessor (1042-1066)

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1.1.6 The Norman Conquest

• In 1066, Edward chose Harold of Wessex to be King
  in his place.
• Duke William, often referred to as William the
  Conquer, challenged Harolds succession, won the
  Battle of Hastings, and was crowned King.

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1.1.6 The Norman Conquest

• In 1067, William started building the Tower of
  London, the great fortress which demonstrated his
  power and dominated the city of London.

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1.2.1 Great Charter (Magna Carta)

• In 1154 Henry II ascended the throne
• Henry II reformed the courts and the laws
• introduced the jury system (?????)
• institutionalized common law
• John ascended the throne in 1199. He demanded
  feudal taxes and army service.
• He was forced to sign the Magna Carta (???).

• Significance
• townspeoplefreedom of trade and self-government
• merchants and craftsmenfor the first time as a
  new political force
• part of the British Constitution today

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1.2.2 Birth of Parliament

• Provisions of Oxford
• limiting the Kings power by calling regular
  meetings of the Great Council
• Parlerto talk
• Official formation of the two houses of
  parliament
• House of Lords
• House of Commons

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1.2.3 Hundred Years War (13371453)

• a series of wars fought between England and
  France over trade, territory, security and the
  throne
• promoted the concept of English nationalism.
• promoted the development of the textile industry
• raised the social position of the bourgeois class.

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1.2.4 The War of the Roses (14551485)

• A war for the throne between the House of York
  and the House of Lancaster.
• It reduced the power of nobility and helped to
  increase the power of the new rising bourgeois
  class.
• The House of Lancaster won and their leader Henry
  Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule
  of the House of Tudor (1485-1603).

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Transition to the Modern Age
2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolution
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2.1 Religious Reformation

• Reasons2 religious camps Catholic and
  Protestant
• Immediate cause Henry VIIIs divorce
• Act of Supremacy
• Henry VIIIonly supreme head of the church of
  England
• In essence, the Reformation was a political
  movement in a religious guise

Henry VIII
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2.1 Religious Reformation

• Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
• Consolidated the Church of England
• Defended the fruit of the Reformation in essence
• Golden Age of English History
• England advanced in such areas as foreign trade,
  exploration, literature, and the arts.
• The age of exploration began claiming new lands
  for England and introducing new materials and
  foods.
• The American State, Virginia, is named after
  Queen Elizabeth.

Elizabeth
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2.1 Religious Reformation

• parliamentary clashes over monopolies
• the monarchy attempted to control commercial
  activities in the interests of the court
• King Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629, and
  ruled the country without it for eleven years.

• The various classes in England soon split up into
  two camps
• Parliament merchants, artisans and apprentices,
  peasants
• King gentry, big landlords and monopolists

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2.2 The Civil War

• The civil war broke out (16421649)
• Between the Royalists (the Cavalier ????) and
  Parliamentarians (Roundheads ????)
• Result the monarchy was abolished in 1949
• England was declared a commonwealth, i.e. a
  republic

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2.2 The Civil War

• The Commonwealth (16491660)
• Cromwell, the head of the Commonwealth
• Conservative in social reforms and protected
  property ownership
• In 1660, Parliament had Charles II as king of
  England. This put an end to the Commonwealth.

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2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolution

• Restoration
• 1661, Charles II to restore the old social order
• 1685, James II to reestablish Catholicism

• Glorious Revolution
• 1688 joint sovereign of William and Mary
• 1689 Bill of Rights (limited the power of the
  monarch and guaranteed the authority of
  Parliament ) removed the ruling monarch and
  established Constitutional Monarchy

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2.4 The Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution took place first in
  Britain for the following reasons
• huge market
• colonies in America and Indiacapital
• enclosure movementlabor
• A series of important inventions in the textile
  industry marked the beginning of Industrial
  Revolution
• Spinning Jenny
• Water frame
• Spinning mule
• Power loom
• Steam engine

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2.4 The Industrial Revolution
Spinning Jenny
Power loom
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2.4 The Industrial Revolution

• Means of transportation
• canals were dug to ship goods
• the locomotive invented in 1814
• the first railway completed in 1825
• large merchant fleet

Merchant Fleet
Steam Engine
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2.4 The Industrial Revolution

• By the middle of 19th century, the Industrial
  Revolution was accomplished in Britain

• Its influence Britain changed in many ways
• dramatically increased industrial productivity

• the process of urbanization
• changes in class structure
• The conflict between the capitalists and the
  proletariansthe most important political issue

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The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
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3.1 The Formation of the British Empire

• First British Empire 19th Century
• It included the colonies in Canada, Australia,
  New Zealand, India and many small states in the
  West Indies

• Second British Empire during the Victorian Age
  Mid- and late-19th Century
• Queen Victorias foreign policyNew Imperialism
• It included the colonies in Australia, New
  Zealand and Canadadominions
• VictoriaEmpress of India
• In Asia, occupied Burma and some other small
  states. Opium War against China
• In Africa, control Suez Canal and conquer Egypt
• Union of South Africathe 4th dominion

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3.1 The Formation of the British Empire

• On the Eve of World War I, Britain had the
  largest colonial empire the world had ever seen.
• a territory of 33.5 million square kilometers
  (1/4 of the worlds total land).
• a population of 393.5 million (8 times as large
  as that in Britain)

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3.2 Britain in the World Wars
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3.2.1 World War I

• By the beginning of the 20th century, Britains
  dominance was challenged by other European
  nations and the US
• Two camps in Europe
• Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman
  Empire and Bulgaria
• Allied Powers Britain, France, Russia, Italy and
  US
• The immediate causeassassination in Sarajevo

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3.2.1 World War I

• Over 32 countries were involved, 28 of which
  support the Allies Powers and Allies Powers won
• The cost of the war for Britain was great
• drained of its manpower
• lost the sea supremacy
• a huge national debt

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3.2.2 World War II

• Germanyplan to conquer Europe
• Britainappeasement
• declare war on Germany on September 3, 1939
• alliance with the Soviet Union and the United
  States
• Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7,
  1945
• great costlose its naval supremacy and in debt
  to the United States.

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3.3 The Fall of the Empire

• Independence movementIndia, Pakistan, Burma,
  Malaya and Egypt
• British Commonwealth of Nations (a loosely
  organized community of former British colonies)

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Britain since World War II
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4.1. Three Majestic Circles

• One of the Big Three after WWII
• Foreign Policy Three Majestic Circles
• less involvement in the Commonwealth circle
• close cooperation with the United States
• an isolationist policy towards Europe

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4.2 Special Relationship with the US

• Margaret Thatcher
• Reestablished special relationship with the
  United States
• against European integration

• Tony Blair
• more positive towards Europe (but refuse to join
  the Euro)
• further strengthened the close relationship with
  the United States

Cartoon The Special Relationship
Between Britannia Uncle Sam
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(No Transcript)
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50 Things You Need to Know About British History

• In date order
• Stonehenge 2200 BC
• Roman Invasion and Civilisation 43 AD
• St Augustine and Christianity 597
• King Alfred the Great and the Doom Book 871
• Battle of Hastings and Norman Conquest 1066
• Magna Carta and trial by jury 1215
• Declaration of Arbroath 1320
• Canterbury Tales 1370
• Peasants Revolt 1381
• The longbows at Agincourt 1415

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50 Things You Need to Know About British History

1. Religious Settlement 1559
2. Sir Francis Drake and the defeat of the Spanish
   Amrada 1588
3. Gunpowder Plot 1605
4. Shakespeare 1610
5. Plantation of Ulster 1611
6. Execution of Charles I 1649
7. Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights 1688
8. The Bank of England 1694
9. Act of Union 1707
10. Britains first Prime Minister Robert Walpole
    1721

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50 Things You Need to Know About British History

1. Gin craze and British drink culture 1729
2. The East India Company and the Battle of
   Plassey 1757
3. Longitude 1759
4. Watts Steam Engine 1769
5. Arkwrights Spinning Frame 1771
6. Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations 1776
7. The Siege of Yorktown and the loss of America
   1781
8. Nelsons death and the Battle of Trafalgar 1805
9. William Wilberforce and the abolition of the
   slave trade 1807
10. Battle of Waterloo and national identity 1815

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50 Things You Need to Know About British History

• 31. Sir Robert Peel and the British Bobby 1829
• Factory Acts and the British weekend 1850
• Dr Livingstone and Africa 1855
• Charles Darwin and evolution 1859
• The Red House and my home is my castle 1859
• The laws of association football 1863
• Suffragettes 1913
• The Battle of the Somme 1916
• The BBC 1927
• Gandhi and Indian Independence 1931

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50 Things You Need to Know About British History

1. The Blitz 1940
2. Frank Whittle and the jet engine 1941
3. The NHS and Welfare State 1948
4. SS Windrush and Multiculturalism 1948
5. The Beatles 1964
6. Monty Python and British humour 1971
7. Britain joins Europe 1973
8. Miners strike and Mrs Thatcher 1984
9. The Channel Tunnel 1991
10. The Good Friday Agreement 1998

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Thank You !
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