Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function

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Chapter 20 Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function Structure and Function in Animal Tissues Structure fits function at all levels of organization in the ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function


1
Chapter 20
  • Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function

2
Structure and Function in Animal Tissues
  • Structure fits function at all levels of
    organization in the animal body
  • Anatomy is the study of structure.
  • Physiology is the study of function.
  • Animals consist of a hierarchy of levels or
    organization.
  • Tissues are an integrated group of similar cells
    that perform a common function.
  • Organs perform a specific task and consist of two
    or more tissues.
  • Organ Systems consist of multiple organs that
    together perform a vital body function.

3
TISSUES
  • Tissues are groups of cells with a common
    structure and function-They are an integrated
    group of similar cells that perform a common
    function and combine to form organs.
  • Animals have four main categories of tissues
  • epithelial tissue,
  • connective tissue,
  • muscle tissue, and
  • nervous tissue.

4
Epithelial Tissue
  • Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its
    organs and cavities
  • are sheets of closely packed cells that
  • cover body surfaces and
  • line internal organs and cavities.
  • Epithelial cells come in three shapes
  • squamouslike a fried egg,
  • cuboidalas tall as they are wide, and
  • columnartaller than they are wide.
  • Epithelial tissues are named according to the
  • number of cell layers they have and
  • shape of the cells on their apical surface

5
Connective Tissues
  • Connective tissue can be grouped into six major
    types.
  • Loose connective tissue
  • is the most widespread,
  • consists of ropelike collagen and elastic fibers
    that are strong and resilient, and
  • helps to join skin to underlying tissues.
  • Fibrous connective tissue
  • has densely packed collagen fibers and
  • forms tendons that attach muscle to bone.
  • Adipose tissue stores fat in large, closely
    packed cells held in a matrix of fibers.

6
Connective Tissues continued
  • Cartilage is a strong and flexible skeletal
    material and commonly surrounds the ends of
    bones.
  • Bone has a matrix of collagen fibers embedded in
    a hard mineral substance containing calcium,
    magnesium, and phosphate.
  • Blood transports substances throughout the body.

7
Muscle Tissue
  • Muscle tissue functions in movement, it is the
    most abundant tissue in most animals.
  • There are three types of vertebrate muscle
    tissue
  • Skeletal muscle causes voluntary movements.
  • Cardiac muscle pumps blood.
  • Smooth muscle moves walls of internal organs,
    such as the intestines

8
Nervous Tissue
  • Nervous tissue forms a communication network
  • senses stimuli and
  • rapidly transmits information.
  • Neurons carry signals by conducting electrical
    impulses. Other cells in nervous tissue
  • insulate axons, nourish neurons, and regulate the
    fluid around neurons.

9
Organs and Organ Systems
  • Organs are made up of tissues. Each tissue
    performs specific functions.
  • The heart has extensive muscle that generate
    contractions, epithelial tissues that line the
    heart chambers, connective tissues that make the
    heart elastic, and neurons which regulate
    contractions.
  • The small intestine
  • is lined by a columnar epithelium,
  • includes connective tissues that contain blood
    vessels, and
  • has two layers of smooth muscle that help propel
    food.
  • The inner surface of the small intestine has many
    fingerlike projections that increase the surface
    area for absorption.
  • The skin is the largest organ.

10
Organ Systems
  • Organ systems work together to perform lifes
    functions
  • Each organ system typically consists of many
    organs,
  • has one or more functions, and works with other
    organ systems to create a functional organism.
  • The skeletal and muscular systems support and
    move the body.
  • The digestive and respiratory systems obtain food
    and oxygen.
  • The circulatory system transports these
    materials.
  • The urinary system disposes of wastes.
  • The integumentary system covers the body.
  • The lymphatic and immune systems protect the body
    from infection.
  • The nervous and endocrine systems control and
    coordinate body functions.
  • The reproductive system produces offspring.

11
New Imaging Technologies
  • New imaging technology reveals the inner body
  • New technologies are used in medical diagnosis
    and research and
  • allow physicians to examine organ systems without
    surgery.
  • X-rays help create images of hard structures such
    as bones and teeth.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • takes advantage of the behavior of the hydrogen
    atoms in water molecules and
  • provides three-dimensional images of very small
    structures.
  • A newer X-ray technology called computed
    tomography (CT)
  • produces high-resolution images of cross sections
    of the body and
  • can detect small differences between normal and
    abnormal tissues in many organs.
  • Positron-emission tomography (PET) helps identify
    metabolic processes at specific body locations.
  • CT and PET images can be combined for an even
    more informative image.

12
Integumentary System
  • The integumentary system protects the body
  • The skin consists of two layers
  • The epidermis
  • is a stratified squamous epithelium and
  • forms the surface of the skin.
  • The dermis
  • forms a deeper skin layer and
  • is composed of dense connective tissue with many
    resilient elastic fibers and strong collagen
    fibers.
  • The dermis contains hair follicles, oil and sweat
    glands, muscle cells, nerves, sensory receptors,
    and blood vessels.

13
Skin
  • Skin has many functions.
  • The epidermis resists
  • physical damage,
  • decreases water loss, and
  • prevents penetration by microbes.
  • The dermis
  • collects sensory information,
  • synthesizes vitamin D, and
  • helps regulate body temperature.
  • Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light
  • causes skin cells to release melanin, which
    contributes to a visible tan, and
  • damages DNA of skin cells and can lead to
  • premature aging of the skin,
  • cataracts, and skin cancers.

14
Hair
  • Hair is an important component of the
    integumentary system of mammals,
  • helps to insulate their bodies, and consists of a
    shaft of keratin-filled dead cells.
  • Oil glands release oils that are associated with
    hair follicles, lubricate hair,
  • condition surrounding skin, and inhibit the
    growth of bacteria.
  • Homeostasis is the active maintenance of a steady
    state within the body.
  • External environmental conditions may fluctuate
    wildly.
  • Homeostatic mechanisms regulate internal
    conditions.
  • Control systems
  • detect change and
  • direct responses.
  • Negative-feedback mechanisms
  • keep internal variables steady and
  • permit only small fluctuations around set points
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