Important People, Events

1
ImportantPeople, Events Ideas

• Preview, review, check comprehension and
  reinforce mastery of 8th Grade standards

2
First Great Awakening

• Colonial Era
• Religious movement
• Leaders
• Jonathan Edwards (MA) George Whitfield of Great
  Britain
• Ideas influencing American Revolution
  Declaration of Independence
• All men are created equal
• Every one has an equal chance to be saved
• Man will be judged by his moral behavior, not
  birthright

3
All men are created equal

• First Great Awakening belief
• Previously people generally believed in the
  divine right to rule birthright
• Declaration of Independence
• The lack of equal treatment by Britain fueled the
  Revolutionary War

4
Natural Rights

• Extensively written idea from John Locke
• Rights people are born with regardless of
  birthright
• right to life, liberty, and property Locke
• Among these are the right to life liberty and
  the pursuit of happiness Declaration of
  Independence

5
French Revolution

• Inspired by the American Revolution
• French citizens rebelled against the nobility,
  killing 100s by guillotine
• Americans were split over supporting the ideals
  or actions of the French citizens
• George Washington declared the U.S. would remain
  neutral (Neutrality Proclamation) when Britain
  threatened war with France
• Citizen Genet Frenchmen came to the U.S. to
  get support, recruited privateers and suggested
  overthrowing President Washington b/c of the
  Neutrality Proclamation

6
Federalism

• Concept introduced/created by James Madison
• Have a central government to make, enforce and
  judge laws only pertaining to all states and
  foreign countries
• Any issues within the state (not involving other
  states or countries) would be in the power of
  state government

http//mrberlin.com/images/products/detail/Federal
ism_thumb.1.png
7
English Parliament

• Bicameral i.e. 2 houses
• Political influence
• power to govern is shared with the people
• King does not have absolute power
• Influenced U.S. Legislature
• Congress is also bicameral

http//www.londonvisitplaces.com/wp-content/upload
s/2011/07/HousesOfParliament.jpg
8
Magna Carta

• Great Charter
• Year 1215
• King John was forced to sign the charter
  (contract) agreeing to give the nobility certain
  rights some power to govern
• First time a king had to share power with the
  people

9
English Bill of Rights

• After the Glorious Revolution
• King James was ruining England
• Nobility asked the kings sister her husband
  (William and Mary of Orange) to leave the
  Netherlands and be their king.if they would
  agree to protect their rights
• List of rights the king could not deny the
  nobility and citizens of England
• Signed by King William

10
Mayflower Compact

• Before anyone was allowed to get off the
  Mayflower (pilgrims ship) they signed a
  contract/agreement
• Once on land (at Plymouth) everyone will obey the
  laws that the majority decides MAJORITY RULES

11
Declaration of Independence

• Written in 1776
• Stated
• All men are created equal
• Right to life, liberty, and pursuit of
  happiness
• People have a right to overthrow a government
  that abuses their natural rights and set up a new
  government
• Birth Certificate of our nation
• Written by Thomas Jefferson, a slave owner

12
Articles of Confederation

• 1st government of the U.S.
• No executive or legislative branches
• States had power, not the U.S.
• Failed to keep the country united as tensions
  rose between states
• Shays Rebellion protestors shut down court
  houses and the U.S. government was unable to send
  help gtgt no army, no executive branch

13
Northwest Ordinance

• Under Articles of Confederation
• Organized the territory west of the Appalachian
  Mts., north of the Ohio River, and South of the
  Great Lakes
• Townships Sections sold at 1 an acre

http//www.socialstudieswithasmile.com/northwestte
rritory.jpg
14
Constitution

• Outlines the U.S. Government
• Supreme law of the land
• Replaced the Articles of Confederation
• Details purpose and limitations to Federal (U.S.
  government)
• Governs issues between states foreign countries
• Established the 3 branches of government
• Legislative Congress (Capitol Building)
• Executive President (White House)
• Judicial Supreme Court (Supreme Court Building)

http//mrgotosclass.com/Documents/Blank-Checks-and
-Balances.gif
15
Great Compromise

• Constitutional Convention (meeting to write the
  Constitution)
• Two plans for the U.S. legislature
• New Jersey Plan Congress is 1 house with all
  states, regardless of population, having equal
  power
• Virginia Plan 2-house Congress with more
  populated states having more votes/power
• Compromise Congress today
• Senate (NJ Plan) states are equal, each having 2
  senators 2 votes
• House of Representatives (VA Plan) number of
  representatives is based on the states
  population with a minimum of 1 representative

http//2.bp.blogspot.com/-VeA6wtY0ZPE/TZdTZ5cNE2I/
AAAAAAAAUFM/tfN4RURNCQY/s1600/House2BMouse252C2
BSenate2BMo2Blrg.jpg
16
Three-fifths Compromise

• Constitutional Convention - after establishing
  the House of Representatives

http//www.socialstudieswithasmile.com/threefifths
.jpg
17
Bill of Rights

• Inspired by the 1689AD English Bill of Rights
• Anti-Federalists refused to accept the
  Constitution as the government for the U.S.
  without adding a list of rights the government
  cannot violate
• Became the first 10 Amendments to the
  Constitution

18
Federalist Papers ( authors)

• Authors
• Alexander Hamilton
• James Madison
• John Jay
• Point for writing them
• Promote ratifying the Constitution
• Explain how the Constitution protects state
  governments yet provided a much needed strong
  central government

19
Jefferson's Statute for Religious Freedom
20
1st Amendment Rights
21
Enumerated Powers
22
Elastic Clause
23
Checks Balances
24
Simple Majority
25
State Constitutions
26
Jefferson vs. Hamilton
27
Democratic-Republican vs. Federalist party
28
Alien Sedition Acts
29
National Bank
30
Shays' Rebellion
31
Whiskey Rebellion
32
Voting system
33
Washington's Farewell Address
34
Marbury v Madison
35
French Revolution

• See earlier slide

36
Citizen Genet
37
Louisiana Purchase
38
Lewis and Clark
39
Jacksonian Politics
40
Spoils System
41
Indian Removal Policy
42
Worcester v. Georgia
43
Washington Irving
44
James Fenimore Cooper
45
Major Battles of the War of 1812
46
Monroe Doctrine
47
Mexican-American War
48
Henry Clay's American System
49
Immigration during 1st Industrial Revolution
50
Leaders of Women's Rights Movement
51
Suffrage
52
Transcendentalism
53
American Writers
54
Antebellum South
55
North vs. South economies
56
African-American culture
57
Cotton Gin
58
Nat Turner
59
Plantation System
60
Rights' of Blacks (pre Civil War)
61
Manifest Destiny
62
Lewis Clark
63
Trail of Tears
64
Pioneer Women
65
Mexican-American Influences
66
Lone Star Republic
67
John Quincy Adams

• Won election of 1824 against Andrew Jackson by
  house vote - controversial
• Defended the Amistead passengers who were
  kidnapped, forced into slavery mutinied during
  the middle passage

68
Abolitionists
69
John Brown
70
Underground Railroad
71
William Lloyd Garrison
72
Frederick Douglass

• Runaway slave
• Educated respected
• Autobiography
• Played an important role in convincing people to
  support the abolitionist movement

73
Free States

• Northern states that banned slavery
• ME, MA, NH, VT, NJ, PA, OH, MI, IN, IL, WI, MN,
  IA

74
Slave States

• Southern states that allowed slavery
• TX, MO, AK, LA, MS, AL, GA, FL, SC, NC. TN, KY,
  VA, MD, DE

75
Missouri Compromise

• 1820
• Maine added as free state, Missouri as a slave
  state
• 36º30 south of line slave, north of it free

76
Popular Sovereignty

• Right of the people in state or territory to
  decide for or against slavery
• Allowed slavery to expand

77
Compromise of 1850

• CA added as a free state
• UT NM territories organized popular
  sovereignty
• Stricter Fugitive Slave Laws northerners would
  have to help slave catchers

78
Daniel Webster vs. John C. Calhoun

• Regarding Compromise of 1850 debate
• Calhoun, South Carolina
• if there were more free states than slave states
  then the south could not remain in the Union
• Requested that the south be allowed to separate
  from the Union peacefully
• Webster
• speech to keep the union together helped get the
  Compromise of 1850 approved

79
Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Proposed by Stephen A Douglas
• Wanted to organize northern LA Territory
• Wanted to build transcontinental railroad
• Replaced MO Compromise of 1820
• Allowed slavery north of 36º30
• Pleased the South
• Angered Northerners

80
Lincoln-Douglas Debates

• Made Lincoln a well known politician
• Lincoln ran against Stephen A Douglas for
  Illinois Senate seat
• Neither of them felt blacks were equal to whites
• Douglas Tried to gain support by accusing
  Lincoln of
• saying whites blacks are equal
• That Lincoln Republicans want to make every
  state a free state
• Lincoln debated the issue of slavery
• right to eat the breadhis own hand earned
• entitled to all the natural rights in the Dec.
  of Independence
• Freeport Doctrine contradiction between popular
  sovereignty the Dred Scott Decision

81
Freeport Doctrine

• 2nd Lincoln-Douglas Debate held in Freeport, IL
• Lincoln pointed out contradiction of Popular
  sovereignty the Dred Scott Decision
• Douglas it matters not what the Supreme court
  decides about slavery because slavery could not
  exist a day or an hour anywhere without the
  support of the local government
• Issue of slavery is in the hands of the people

82
'House Divided'

• Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• Lincoln stated that the nation cannot survive
  half slave, half free

83
Mason-Dixon Line

• Surveyors Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon
• Drew southern boundary of PA
• Line represents separation between free and slave
  states

84
Nullification

• Idea that a state can declare federal laws null
  and void if it does not benefit their state
• 1828 1832 SC passed law declaring tariffs
  passed by Congress null and void
• President Andrew Jackson would not tolerate SCs
  nullification law
• Not put to rest until after the Civil War

85
States Rights

• Right of a state to govern itself especially
  regarding enumerated powers of the federal
  government
• Emphasis of the nullification crisis

86
Lincoln's Inaugural Addresses

• South had already seceded from the Union
• Declared that states cannot lawfully get out of
  the Union
• Vowed no bloodshed unless forced to (North would
  not be the first to shoot)
• North South are not enemies, but friends

87
Secession

• withdraw from an organization or political body
  (city, county, state)
• Not found in the Constitution/unconstitutional
• Southern States if Congress passes laws banning
  slavery then they have not choice but to secede
• South Carolina was the first to secede from the
  Union immediately after Lincolns election in
  1860
• By 2/1/1861 MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX

88
Northern states

• Free States
• Elected Lincoln in 1860
• Union
• Yanks
• Blue

89
Confederate States of America (CSA,
Confederates, Johnny-Reb, Gray)
90
Border StatesSlave States that didnt Secede

• MO, KY, MD, DE

91
Antietam

• CSA General Robert E. Lee led an offense into MD
  a Border State
• Major Victory for the Union
• Bloodiest single-day of battle in U.S. history
  (more casualties on this 1-day than any other
  single day of battle)
• USA General McClellan chickened out of pursuing
  Robert E. Lees retreat Lincoln fired him

92
Emancipation Proclamation

• Lincoln waited for major Union Victory
• Following Battle of Antietam Sept.1862
• Any rebelling state that stops fighting rejoins
  the Union on or before January 1, 1863 can retain
  slavery
• All Slaves are free in any state that continues
  to rebel/fight after January 1, 1863

93
Gettysburg Address

• After the Bloodiest Battle of the Civil War
• Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers
  brought forth on this continent a new nation,
  conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the
  proposition that all men are created equal
  Consecrate the land to the fallen soldiers We
  are met on a great battle-field of that war. We
  have come to dedicate a portion of that field as
  a final resting-place for those who here gave
  their lives that that nation might livefrom
  these honored dead we take increased devotion to
  that cause for which they gave the last full
  measure of devotion that we here highly resolve
  that these dead shall not have died in vain that
  this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of
  freedom and that government of the people, by
  the people, for the people, shall not perish from
  the earth.

94
High Water Mark'

• A flood or the tide will leave a mark at its
  highest point the highest level of damage
• Could mean
• Highest/deepest advance by the CSA into the Union
  Army lines which was during Pickett's Charge of
  the Battle of Gettysburg
• i.e. the worst the war got, which was the Battle
  of Gettysburg

95
'Turning Point'

• The point or change in the course of an event
  where the outcome appears inevitable
• Gettysburg Union Victory was inevitable
• Vicksburg argued to be the turning point by many
  because Ulysses S. Grant rises as a competent
  leader

96
Ulysses S. Grant

• Union General
• Many Victories in the West (MS/LA Mississippi
  River)
• Lincoln, after many incompetent commanders, found
  a man who could lead the Union to victory
• Nicknamed the Widow Maker
• CSA General Robert E Lee surrendered to Grant at
  Appomattox Courthouse, VA
• Later elected President corruption in his
  administration, esp. the Tea Pot Dome Scandal

97
Jefferson Davis

• Elected president of the Confederate States of
  America (which was never acknowledge as an actual
  independent nation)

98
Robert E. Lee

• General of the Confederate Army in VA
• Most talented officer of the War
• West Point Graduate
• Declined Lincolns request to lead the Union out
  of loyalty to VA, his home state
• Credited for numerous victories which prolonged
  the war
• Considered an American Hero by both sides for his
  military tactics
• Major defeats
• Antietam offensive attack
• Gettysburg offensive attack
• Appomattox Courthouse Union offense led by
  Ulysses S Grant
• Right-Hand Man
• General Thomas Stonewall Jackson

99
African-American Soldiers

• After Battle of Antietam Emancipation
  Proclamation
• Lincoln allowed regiments to be formed
• 1st most heroic 54th Massachusetts Infantry
• Led by Col. Robert Gould Shaw, survivor of the
  Battle of Antietam

100
Total War

• Target civilian and military resources food,
  equipment anything needed to survive
• Shermans March to the Sea
• 60 mile wide path of destruction

101
Civil War resources advantages/disadvantages

• North
• Population
• Money
• Factories
• Farms
• Iron ore
• Railroad
• Shipbuilding
• Navy

• South
• Military Leadership
• Familiarity w/ land

102
Appomattox Courthouse

• Village outside of Appomattox, VA actually named
  Appomattox Courthouse
• Confederate General Robert E Lee
• Surrenders to
• Union General Ulysses S Grant
• End of the Civil War

103
Reconstruction Plans

• Lincolns
• 1864 Congress WADE-DAVIS Bill 50 of voters to
  swear loyalty to the U.S. bill died pocket
  veto
• A state could be readmitted into the Union when
  10 of voters swore an oath of allegiance to the
  Union.
• New state constitutions written
• High-ranking Confederate officers and government
  officials would be granted a full pardon.
• Except for slavery, private property would be
  protected
• Johnsons
• Congress

104
Reconstruction Plans

• Lincolns
• Johnsons
• Pardon southern whites, except Confederate
  leaders, rich Confederate supporters and union
  soldiers that defected to the Confederacy (not
  carried through).
• New state governments had to swear loyalty to the
  Union and ratify the 13th Amendment.
• Congress

105
Reconstruction Plans

• Lincolns
• Johnsons
• Congress
• Radical Republicans
• wanted to punish South
• Believed readmitting states was a power of
  Congress, not the President
• Established Freedmans Bureau
• Passed 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
• Passed a Civil Rights Act, granted blacks full
  citizenship and civil rights
• Reconstruction Act of 1867
• Military rule over the former Confederate states
• Ratification of the 14th Amendment

106
40 acres and a mule

• January 1865, following Shermans March to the
  Sea
• Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman's Special Field
  Orders, No. 15
• Proposed
• dividing conquered plantations along coast into
  40 acre parcels
• Giving each family a parcel and a mule for
  plowing
• Goal provide means for self-sufficiency after
  the war
• Plan revoked by President Andrew Johnson

107
Freedmen's Bureau

• Help find employment legal aid to freed slaves.
  
• Built hospitals
• Greatest contributions
• Set up schools for African-Americans
• Legalized marriages
• Helped connect families with members who had run
  away or been sold off

108
Hiram Revels

• First African-American elected to Congress
• Other Reconstruction Era Congressmen
• Benjamin Turner
• Robert DeLarge
• Josiah Wells
• Jefferson Long
• Joseph Rainey
• Robert Elliott

109
13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

• 13th banned slavery in the U.S.A.
• 14th defines citizenship as anyone born in the
  United States -- states cannot deny former
  slaves their citizenship and rights as citizens
• 15th the right of citizens to vote regardless
  of race, color, or previous condition of
  servitude ended the grandfather clause

110
Ku Klux Klan

• Kuklos Greek for circle, wheel, cycle, often
  referring to unity
• established 1868
• Opposed Reconstruction granting rights to African
  Americans
• Undermined 14th and 15th Amendments
• Terrorized blacks, carpetbaggers scalawags to
  keep them from voting and exercising their rights
  as citizens

111
Jim Crow

• Segregation Laws
• Jump Jim Crow a 1830s song-and-dance routine
  caricaturizing African-Americans
• Along the lines of when he says jump, you ask
  how high
• Supported by the Supreme Court in
• PLESSY V. FERGUSON

112
Indian Wars

• After Civil War United States turned military
  attention to the Great Plains
• Buffalo Soldiers Native-American nickname for
  African-American Soldiers
• George Armstrong Custer
• Sitting Bull

113
Second Industrial Revolution

• Electricity
• Oil Fuel engines (gas, diesel, etc.)
• Steel Bessemer Process
• U.S. became world leader in industry
• Monopolies Corporations
• Growth of Labor Unions

114
Robberbarons

• Robber as in thief Baron as in nobility
• These men gained wealth by bankrupting and taking
  over their competitors
• Were richer than nobility and some kings queens
  of Europe
• Many were Captains of Industry
• Rockefeller - OIL
• Carnegie - STEEL
• Vanderbilt - RAILROADS

115
Urbanization

• Growth of City populations work
• City Parks NYC Central Park designed by
  Frederick Law Olmsted
• Old Immigrants (before 1880s) North Europe
• Britain, Germany, Ireland, Scandinavia
• New Immigrants (1880s) South East Europe
• Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Poland,
  Russia, Slavic nations
• Settlement Houses, ex. Hull House founded by Jane
  Addams to help poor, esp. immigrants

116
Laissez-faire

• let do aka leave it alone
• economic principle
• No (or minimal) state/federal regulation of
  business business growth
• economy will balance out on its own
• FREE ENTERPRISE

117
Big Business

• Development of large corporations
• Horizontal Integration
• Owning all business in a particular field,
  example Rockefeller owned practically all oil
  refining factories
• Vertical Integration
• Owning all business in the production of an item,
  example Carnegie Steel owned iron ore mines,
  coal fields, railroads for transport, and steel
  mills

118
Labor Movements
119
Progressives
120
Nativism
121
Grangers
122
Inventors Edison, Bell, Wright Bros.
123
16 Other
Non-slaveholding Whites 47