Colonialism in Africa

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Colonialism in Africa
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Berlin Conference

• Tensions between European powers seeking African
  colonies led to the Berlin West Africa Conference
  (1884-1885) or Berlin Conference.
• At this conference there were delegates
  representing fourteen European states and the
  United States. Here they devised the ground rules
  for the colonization of Africa without a single
  African being present.

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• The conference produced an agreement that any
  European state could establish an African colony
  after notifying the other nations of its
  intentions.
• This conference provided European diplomats with
  the justification they needed to draw lines on
  maps and carve a continent into colonies.

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Berlin Conference
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Colonization Begins

• In the 1890s Europeans sent armies to consolidate
  their claims and impose colonial rule in Africa.
• Armed with the latest weaponry, African forces
  were easily defeated with their outdated muskets
  and spears by cannons and machine gun fire. By
  1900 all of Africa was under colonial rule except
  for the areas of what are now the countries of
  Liberia and Ethiopia.

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Problems with Colonization

• In the wake of this rapid conquest came problems
  of colonial occupation. European countries
  assumed that following an initial modest
  investment, colonial administration would become
  financially self-sufficient. For decades
  Europeans struggled to figure out how to rule
  Africa, only to learn that colonial rule in
  Africa could be maintained only through
  exceedingly high expenditures.

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Early Colonial Rule

• The earliest approach to colonial rule involved
  concessionary companies. These were private
  companies that were granted large concessions of
  territory by European governments.
• These concessionary companies were empowered to
  undertake economic activities such as mining,
  plantation agriculture, or railroad construction.

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• These companies also had permission to implement
  systems of taxation and labor recruitment.
• This new approach allowed European governments
  to colonize and exploit immense territories with
  only a modest investment in capital and
  personnel, but this also brought liabilities.

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• Such liabilities as brutal use of forced labor,
  which provoked a public outcry in Europe, and
  profits smaller than anticipated convinced most
  European governments by the early twentieth
  century to curtail the powers of private
  companies and to establish their own rule, which
  typically took two forms, direct rule typical of
  French colonies and indirect rule typical of
  British colonies.

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Colonization under Direct Rule

• Direct rule- Under direct rule, colonies featured
  administrative districts headed by European
  personnel who assumed responsibility for tax
  collection, labor and military recruitment, and
  the maintenance of law and order.
• Administrative boundaries intentionally cut
  across existing African political and ethnic
  boundaries in order to divide and weaken
  potentially powerful indigenous (native) groups.

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• Direct rule aimed at removing strong kings and
  other leaders and replacing them with more
  compliant persons.
• The underlying principle of direct rule was the
  desire to keep African populations in check and
  to permit European administrators to engage in a
  civilizing mission. This approach to colonial
  rule presented its own difficulties.

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Difficulties Under Direct Rule

• Constant shortage of European personal Ex. In
  French West Africa some thirty-six hundred
  Europeans tried to rule over an African
  population of more than nine million.
• The combination of long distances and slow
  transport limited effective communication between
  regional authorities and officials in remote
  areas.

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• An inability to speak local languages and a
  limited understanding of local customs among
  European officials further undermined their
  effective administration.

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Colonization under Indirect Rule

• A British colonial administrator Frederick D.
  Lugard was the driving force behind the doctrine
  of indirect rule, which the British employed in
  many of its African colonies.
• Lugard wrote The Dual Mandate in British Tropical
  Africa. In this he stressed the moral and
  financial advantages of exercising control over
  subject populations through indigenous (native)
  institutions.

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Frederick D. Lugard
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• Lugard thought that by using tribal and customary
  laws Europeans could establish a strong
  foundation for colonial rule.
• Forms of indirect rule worked in regions where
  Africans had already established strong and
  highly organized states but often this plan was
  not effective, especially in the regions that
  were not well organized under the control of its
  colonial leaders.

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Difficulties Under Indirect Rule

• Many colonial leaders were confused by the
  complexity of tribal laws and boundaries and
  imposed their own idea of what they thought was
  tribal boundaries and tribal laws.
• This was done with little regard to the
  differences between tribes and these tribes were
  split up into what Europeans thought was
  acceptable boundaries. These colonial boundaries
  divided ethnic groups or grouped traditional
  enemies. Some groups were even given limited
  access to water in their newly drawn up lines of
  tribal territories.

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Colonialisms Effects Today

• As a result of colonial rule with little regard
  to Africans tribal boundaries and practices many
  African nations today are fighting tribal wars
  Ex.(Rwandan genocide) and still having disputes
  over land for reasons such as ethnic dominance
  and control over natural resources.

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Rwandan Genocide
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Current Challenges in Africa
HIV/AIDS
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-While Sub-Saharan Africa is home to just over 10
percent of the worlds population, it has more
than 60 percent or more than 25 million people
living with HIV/AIDS. -Two important issues to
note with regard to the epidemic in Sub-Saharan
Africa are, first we are dealing with multiple
epidemics requiring multiple strategies and, two
the face of the epidemic is becoming more
feminine which has dire consequences. -These next
two slides show that while Sub-Saharan Africa
bears the brunt of the epidemic in terms of
the number of people affected, HIV/AIDS spares no
one.
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Population Growth

• -Over the last century Africa's population has
  grown at a rapid rate.
• - Various estimates of the population size of
  Africa indicate that prior to 1900 the annual
  growth rate of population was less then 0.1
  percent. During the period 1900-1950. It was 1.2
  percent in the period 1950-1970, the growth rate
  was estimated at 2.8 percent. In the period
  1980-1990, the rate was at 3.2 percent. This data
  Shows that the recent demographic trends in
  Africa are characterized by unprecedented rapid
  growth rates.

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• Africa's population which was estimated at 257
  million in 1960 had increased to 482 million by
  1983. In 1993 the population of the continent
  was estimated at 682 million. The average annual
  growth rate during the decade was 3.2 percent,
  the highest among a Third World region.
• Current population estimates of the continent are
  around 1 billion people.
• Africa faces a major population explosion in the
  near future.

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Poaching and the Ivory Trade

• Although international ivory trade has been
  banned since 1989, elephant tusks are hot
  commodities on the black market.
• The tusks are actually elongated incisors. Since
  about a third of their length is inside the
  skull, the tusks cannot be fully removed while
  the animal is alive. Poachers therefore shoot
  into an elephant herd, cut off the trunks of any
  fallen animals, and hack out the tusks with an
  axe.

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• In the decade before the ivory ban, the number of
  African elephants plummeted from roughly 1.3
  million to fewer than 600,000.
• Before the ban, about 7.4 percent of the animals
  were killed for their tusks each year. This ban
  helped during the early and mid 1990s but is now
  on the rise again.

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• Current estimates suggest that the annual rate is
  now 8 percent, worse then before the ban. This
  could bring African elephants to extinction by
  2020 according to the Convention on International
  Trade in Endangered Species or CITIES. Today the
  current African elephant population is around
  450,000 (Aug.2008). That means that roughly
  36,000 African elephants are poached each year
  for their ivory tusks.

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Crisis in Sudan

• Sudan has been at war with itself for almost its
  entire post- colonial history since 1956. All of
  its major ethnic religious groups have fought
  or are fighting each other today.
• In 2004 government troops and militia groups
  known as Janjaweed moved to crush the black
  African ethnic groups that have been neglected by
  the Muslim Central government.

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• Estimates of 300,000 people dead and roughly 2.7
  million have fled their homes to get away from
  the crisis. Currently there are almost a dozen
  armed groups across the country, each with its
  own political agenda.

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Child Soldiering

• Currently there are 300,000 child soldiers
  world-wide. Most of these children live in Africa
  today. These children are controlled by warlords
  new rebel groups that are motivated by
  financial gain through violence and crimes. These
  warlords use poor young children who are
  impressionable, fearless and in abundant supply.
  In recent years such countries as Sierra Leone,
  Liberia, Mozambique, Somalia, Uganda, and the
  Democratic Republic of Congo have all been
  locations for child soldiering.

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Child Soldier
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Mountain Gorillas in Rwanda

• In the 1970s -1980s, mountain gorillas were
  being killed for profit in Rwanda Uganda. In
  the 1990s they were causalities of Rwandas
  bloody civil war. In 2003 the last know gorilla
  killing was committed by former park employees.
  They murdered 2 females, stole one infant and
  were sentenced to 4 years in prison.

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• Current- Since the end of the civil war and the
  establishment of a new democratic government the
  gorilla population has not only stabilized, it
  has increased. The new Rwanda government has made
  tourism into a growing industry. Rwanda is
  educating its population on the importance of the
  gorilla. Not only is saving the gorilla a human
  act it has become a profitable one. The gorilla
  population in Rwanda has grown from 324 in 1985
  to 380 in 2008 for an increase of 17. While this
  is the case in Rwanda it is not as optimistic in
  the Democratic Republic of Congo.

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Piracy off the Somalia coast

• Last year 12 Japanese ships were attacked by
  pirates, a total of over 100 ships from different
  countries were attacked. Some of these ships were
  hijacked for multi-million dollar ransoms.
  Pirates use fast moving skiffs to pull along side
  ships were they are often boarded by ladders /or
  grappling hooks.
• Current- On 3/23/09 a Japanese cargo ship,
  Jasmine Ace, was attacked by 2 small boats that
  fired rocket propelled grenades (RPGs) and
  automatic weapons into the bridge before fleeing.
  The ship escaped hijacking but increasing speed
  and evasive maneuvers.

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• This was the 3rd attack that day on a cargo ship.
  Attacks on ships during January and February of
  2009 are up 10 times from the same period in
  2008. Although the number of attacks is up, the
  number of successful hijackings is down. This is
  mainly because an international anti-piracy
  mission is underway.

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North Africas CLIMATES
North Africas major climates are Arid (Desert)
Semi-arid (Steppe)
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Sahara Desert
The Sahara is the worlds largest desert,
stretching 3.5 million square miles.
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• Sahara
• Averages less than five inches of rain each year.
  
• Temperatures there can run to the extreme
• -freezing at night
• -Can be more than 130 degrees Fahrenheit at the
  peak of day.

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Wildlife of the Desert
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Horned Viper
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Houbara
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Fennec Fox
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Sand Cat
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Sahel-Steppe region below Sahara that is
spreading into a desert region.
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Atlas Mountains

• Separates the northern moist Mediterranean
  climate from the arid south.

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Atlas Mountains in Morocco
Atlas Mountains of Morocco
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Water

• Water is the most precious resource for this
  region of deserts and steppe areas.

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Wadis

• Wadis dry streambeds that fill with water only
  after rainfall in a desert or steppe region.

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OASIS

• Oasis is a place where water comes to the surface
  in desert area.
• "oasis" is believed to come from an ancient
  Egyptian word, "wah," meaning "fertile place in
  the desert."
• About 75 percent of the Sahara's population live
  in oases

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Major Water Features

• Mediterranean
• Sea
• Red Sea
• Arabian Sea
• Persian/Arabian
• Gulf
• Nile River

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The Nile and its tributaries flow though nine
countries.
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The Nile River

• Length From White Nile Source to
• Mouth- 4184 miles, longest river
  
• in the world
• Name The Nile gets its name from the
  
• Greek word "Nelios", meaning
  
• River Valley.
• Sources The White Nile Lake Victoria,
• Uganda.
• The Blue Nile Lake Tana,
• Ethiopia.

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ASWAN DAM on the Nile River

• The Dam was created in 1971
• The Dam wall is 365 feet high
• Created artificial lake- Lake Nasser, which
  covers 300 miles

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Positive effects of Dam

• Prevents flooding
• Controls irrigation
• Can plant 3 crops instead of only 1 a year
• Creates Hydroelectric power- supplies Egypt with
  40 of its electricity
• Amount of farmland has increased by 2.9 million
  acres

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Negative Effects of Dam

• New layer of fertile soil no longer deposited by
  annual flood, must use fertilizers
• Very expensive
• Run off pollutes river, pollution kills fish
• New soil not added to Delta, which causes erosion
• 
  

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• Water flow has decreased.
• Stagnant water allows disease to increase.
• Salt content has increased, which can ruin crops
• Some experts think weight of Lake Nasser may be
  producing earthquakes

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Sinai Peninsula located between Egypt and the
Arabian Peninsula
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Suez Canal

• The 101-mile waterway connects the
  Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.
• The Suez Canal is used to transport goods to
  and from three continents.

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History

• Early Civilization
• Ancient Egypt- was the birthplace of one of the
  world's first civilization. It began over 5000
  years ago and lasted for 2000 years.
• The Nile River was the life blood of ancient
  Egypt it provided rich soil, irrigation, and
  transportation. The Egyptians named their nation
  Kemet, Black land, after the rich dark soil of
  the Nile River.

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Egyptian Contributions

• Egyptian civilization made many contributions to
  the world. Among them are a 365 - day calendar,
  hieroglyphics (picture writing), and papyrus
  (paper like writing material). They also had one
  of the first national governments and developed a
  religion that emphasized life after death.

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• However their best known accomplishment are the
  pyramids, gigantic stone structures built as
  tombs for the pharaohs (kings) that were
  constructed 4500 years ago and are still
  standing.

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Pyramids at Giza
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Sphinx
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• Beginning in about 3500BC King Menes of Upper
  Egypt conquered Lower Egypt. Memphis became the
  capital of this new nation. It is near present
  day Cairo.
• He also established the first of 30 dynasties to
  rule Egypt. Egyptian history can be divided into
  three main periods - the Old Kingdom, The Middle
  Kingdom, and the New Kingdom.

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The Old Kingdom

• The Old Kingdom began in 2686 BC and was lead by
  Dynasty III. During this period a strong central
  government developed. It is also known for the
  construction of the Great Pyramid and other
  pyramids at Giza.
• Dynasty IV was headed by King Khufu. As priests
  and government officials fought over power, the
  pharaohs of Dynasty V became weak. The Old
  Kingdom lasted until 2181 BC.

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The Middle Kingdom

• The Middle Kingdom was ruled by Dynasty XII. In
  1991 BC Amenemhet seized the throne and moved the
  capital to Itjawy near Memphis.
• Egypt's wealth and power was restored by this
  dynasty. Egypt conquered Nubia and traded with
  Syria and Palestine.
• The Middle Kingdom ended in 1786 BC and had been
  a period of growth in architecture, literature,
  and art.

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The New Kingdom

• The New Kingdom lasted for 500 years beginning in
  1554 BC.
• Such rulers as Thutmose I, and Queen Hatshepsut
  created an empire that reached its height in 1400
  BC. During this period Egypt regained control
  over Kush and Nubia. These two areas were sources
  of slaves, copper, gold, ivory, and ebony.

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• During the reign of Amenhotep IV huge religious
  changes occurred. Amenhotep IV devoted himself to
  Aten, the sun god.
• These changes angered many Egyptians and his
  successor King Tutankhamun, he restored the old
  religion.

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• With the advent of the XX Dynasty ancient Egypt
  began to decline. It broke into smaller states
  because of the struggle for power between the
  priests and nobles and lost its empire. Foreign
  invaders would take advantage of the situation.

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Natural Resources

• Natural Resources- Most valuable natural
  resources are oil and natural gas- Rich fishing
  grounds off Moroccos Atlantic coast- Rain or
  irrigation makes farming possible in areas with
  good soil

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Moroccan Fishermen
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THE REGION TODAY

• Economic Activities- Oil and natural gas are
  basis of Libyan and Algerian economies-
  Agriculture is very important in this region
  despite dry climates- Tourism is another
  important activity which falls victim to
  violence- Still not enough jobs due to rapid
  population growth- Many skilled and educated
  workers leave to find better jobs in Europe or
  oil-rich countries in Southwest Asia

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• Urban environments
• - Cities have a mix of modern and traditional
  buildings- Many cities are becoming overcrowded
  with a ring of slums (shantytowns) surrounding
  the older core- Not enough housing

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• Environmental Challenges- Desertification
  (spreading of desert conditions)- Pollution
  from oil refining- Polluted water supplies-
  Health of the Nile River

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Unit 7Chap 21-24 Africa
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Chap 22 West and Central Africa

• Landforms and Rivers
• Plains and low hills make up most of the
  landscape in West and Central Africa.
• The El Djouf is a desert region in eastern
  Mauritania and Western Mali near the Niger River.
  

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• The Congo and Niger river are the two largest
  rivers in West and Central Africa.
• The Congo flows northward from Zambia toward the
  Congo (DROTC) and then takes a West then South
  West course until it empties into the Atlantic
  Ocean on the border of the Congo and Angola.
• The Niger flows Northeast through the Sahel and
  then the Sahara until it reaches central Mali. It
  then flows Southwest until it empties into the
  Gulf of guinea in Nigeria.

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The Congo River at Sunset
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Niger River
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Climates, Plants, and Animals

• Climates
• In the Northern regions in the countries Mali,
  Niger, Mauritania and Chad lies the worlds
  largest arid desert, the Sahara.
• It is characterized by giant sand seas called
  ergs and extensive gravel covered plans referred
  to as regs.
• To its immediate South lies the region known as
  the Sahel, a semi-arid region.

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• The Sahel vegetation is limited to small shrubs,
  grassland areas and sporadic tree growth.
• Most indigenous people in the Sahel are
  subsistence farmers, growing crops such as
  peanuts and grains or raise cattle and goats.
• The combination of droughts and growing
  population have caused desertification in the
  region.
• Currently desertification is spreading southward
  from the Sahara into the Sahel.

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Sahel
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• South of the Sahel is a tropical wet/dry climate
  and a tropical humid climate.
• In the tropical wet/dry climates Northeast winds
  from the Sahara bring hot, dry, dusty conditions
  in winter months and winds blow in the opposite
  direction from the ocean and bring rain in the
  summer.
• In this region small trees, grasslands and shrubs
  are common vegetation.
• Many animals such as Elephants, Giraffes, Zebras
  live in this region.

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Congo Rainforest
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• Currently many are in a population decline
  because of growing human population and
  conversion of grassland into farmland.
• The tropical humid region closest to the equator
  is a dense tropical rainforest that is one of the
  worlds most diverse ecosystems.
• These rainforests have large trees that form
  canopies that are formed by the uppermost layer
  of the trees, where the limbs spread out.
• Almost all of the worlds Great Apes live in these
  forests except the Orangutan.

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Natural Resources

• This region has a wide variety of natural
  resources such as timber and minerals.
• Much of the timber in this region is being cut
  down at an alarming rate and is causing
  deforestation throughout the region.
• Oil is the most valuable resource within the
  region.
• What country exports the most oil in Africa?

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History

• Early Empires
• Ghana was a trading state that was one of the
  first kingdoms in West and Central Africa.
• With this trade came the transportation of
  different foreign goods and Islam, which many
  empires in the region adopted.
• Mali was also a great empire that replaced Ghana.
  Its main city was Timbuktu, a center of trade and
  education during its time.

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Timbuktu
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• The Songhai Empire was the last great early
  empire in the region. Like Ghana and Mali they to
  were a trading based empire.
• Europeans first arrived in West Africa in the
  late 1400s.
• They came in search of a water route to Asia and
  were lured by gold.
• Starting in the 1500s the demand for labor in the
  Americas shifted the main trade of gold to slaves
  in West Africa.

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• The Colonial Era
• West Africa
• Europeans did not hesitate to deceive Africans in
  order to get their land and natural resources.
• Driven by of rivalries among themselves, Great
  Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, and Portugal
  placed almost all of Africa under European rule
  between 1880 and 1890.
• West Africa was particularly affected by the
  slave trade, but trafficking in slaves had
  declined after it was declared illegal by both
  Great Britain and the United States by 1808.

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• By the 1890s slavery was abolished in all the
  major countries of the world.
• As slavery declined, Europes interest in other
  forms of trade increased for example, trading
  manufactured goods for peanuts, timber, hides,
  and palm oil.
• In the early nineteenth century, the British
  established settlements along the Gold Coast and
  in Sierra Leone.
• The growing European presence in West Africa
  caused increasing tensions with local African
  governments, who reared for their independence.

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• In 1874 Great Britain annexed (incorporated a
  country within a state) the west coastal states
  as the first British colony of Gold Coast.
  Simultaneously, it established a protectorate
  over warring Nigerian groups.
• France controlled the largest part of West
  Africa, and Germany controlled Togo, Cameroon,
  and German Southwest Africa (now Namibia).

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Central Africa

• European explorers had generated European
  interest in the dense tropical jungles of Central
  Africa.
• David Livingstone was one such explorer. He
  arrived in Africa in 1841 and trekked through the
  unexplored interior for 30 years.
• A journalist from America, Henry Stanley, sailed
  down the Congo River in the 1870s.
• He encouraged the British to send settlers to the
  Congo River basin. When Britain refused, Stanley
  turned to king Leopold II of Belgium.

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• King Leopold II was the real driving force behind
  the colonization of Central Africa.
• In 1876 he hired Henry Stanley to set up Belgian
  settlements in the Congo.
• Belgiums claim to the vast territories of the
  Congo worried other European states.
• France especially rushed to gain territories in
  Central Africa.
• Belgium ended up with the territories south of
  the Congo River, and France received the
  territories north of the Congo River.

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• Colonialism left many effects on West and Central
  Africa.
• People went from subsistence farmers to a new
  commercial economy.
• Local economies went from being based on trading
  gold, salt, and ivory to the exporting of
  minerals and farm products.
• Modern medicine improved the quality of life.
• High unemployment and low wages
• Ethnic rivalry

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Culture

• West and central Africa are very diverse
  societies.
• There are three major cultural influences in this
  region.
• Traditional African cultures, Islam, and European
  culture
• Most of the languages spoken in this region are
  of the Niger-Congo language family.
• During the colonial age English and French became
  the lingua francas.

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• Islam, Christianity and indigenous African
  religions are dominant in these regions.
• Indigenous religions believe that the spirits of
  their ancestors play an important part in their
  lives.
• Education is low throughout both regions with
  only a small percent graduating high school and
  little or none from college.
• Childrens learned skills come from mainly
  growing crops or raising animals to help provide
  for their families.

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• The Region Today
• All countries in West and central Africa are
  categorized as developing countries.
• People in these regions on average make less
  income, live shorter lives, have lower levels of
  education and less access to health care then
  developed countries.
• Farmers in these regions plant and harvest many
  different types of crops.
• This is done so that if one crop is diseased
  other crops can still be harvested for food.

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• Most of the countries in these two regions export
  primary goods.
• Many countries in the region depend heavily on
  only a few main exports. This has two main
  disadvantages.
• - It makes economies vulnerable to changes in
  the price of their main exports. Why?
• - The export of primary goods is less profitable
  than the export of manufactured goods. Why?
• Rapid population has caused shortages in housing,
  electricity and potable running water.

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Unit 7Chap 21-24 Africa
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Chap 23 East Africa

• Landforms and Water
• Tectonic activity has shaped the geography of
  East Africa, forming two rift valleys, known as
  the Western and Eastern Rift Valleys.
• The Western rift runs from Lake Malawi on the
  border of Tanzania and Mozambique northwards
  through Tanzania and the valleys of Lake
  Tanganyika and then ending in Southern Sudan.
• The Eastern rift runs from Mozambique northward
  through the East coast of Africa and into
  Southwest Asia.

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• Along these rift valleys lies the most popular
  mountain in all of Africa, Mount Kilimanjaro.

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• Two rivers form in Northern Sudan to make the
  Nile River. The Blue Nile and the White Nile.
• The headwaters of the Nile River are located in
  two different countries.
• The White Niles origins are in Lake Victoria and
  run northward until it meets with the Blue Nile
  near Khartoum, Sudan.
• The Blue Niles origins are in the Ethiopian
  Highlands and run south-southeast before taking a
  West- Northwest turn into Sudan.

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Blue Nile Falls
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Climates, Biomes, Natural Resources

• Latitude and variations in elevation contribute
  to the diverse climates of East Africa.
• The Equator Region
• Has alternating wet and dry seasons.
• Has vegetation on the high plains which is a
  mixture of savannas and forests.
• Forests grow on the mountain slopes of the region
  and rainfall is heavy.

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North and South regions

• Regions North and South of the equator are
  characterized by seasonal droughts.
• Weather is frequently hard to predict in East
  Africa.
• To little rain causes grass to die and as a
  result the livestock of the region often dies.
• The exact opposite also occurs, to much rain
  causes flooding and locust populations to
  increase.

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• These locusts eat all plant life in their path
  and once again livestock and animals die as a
  result.
• Swarm of Locusts

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The Tsetse Fly and its impact

• Tsetse flies transmit a disease called sleeping
  sickness.
• This disease does not effect most native animals
  but has devastating effects on livestock in the
  region.
• As a result farmers and herders have not entered
  the area in great numbers.
• This leaves Africas Serengeti Plan to the native
  animals where little human population exists.

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Tsetse Fly
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Natural Resources of the Region

• East Africa has very few energy or mineral
  deposits.
• Most of the soil in the region is not fertile
  enough to sustain any large production of
  agriculture.
• To much salt or lime in the soil contributes to
  this lack of production.
• One of East Africas main resources is its
  natural scenery.

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• Many tourists come from around the world to see
  the Serengeti and beaches of East Africa.
• Video of Serengeti

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Kenyan Coast
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History

• By 1875 Britain and Germany had become the chief
  rivals in East Africa.
• Germany was one of many European nations
  interested in East African colonies.
• At the 1884 Berlin Conference, the major European
  powers divided up East Africa, giving recognition
  to German, British, and Portuguese claims. No
  African delegates were present at the conference.

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Culture

• There are hundreds of diverse ethnic groups
  within East Africa.
• - All can be organized into three different
  groups according to their language.
• -Nilotic speaking people- They are a herding
  people that live along the Nile River and the
  plains of Sudan.
• -Cushitic-speaking people- They live along the
  Read Sea coast all the way down to the Horn of
  Africa.

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• -Bantu speaking people- The live in the
  countries of Kenya, Rwanda and into Southern
  Africa.

Other people of East Africa

• Along the coastline is where many people of Arab
  traditions and South Asian descent live.
• During the colonial period many South Asian
  people (Indonesia, India etc) came to this region
  and settled it.

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Religion in East Africa.

• Like West and Central Africa many people have the
  same belief that your ancestors are a strong
  force in your daily life and future.
• -There traditional religions are animist based.
• -Animists believe the natural world contains
  spirits that live in animals, mountains, trees,
  and water.
• -Mixed Religions- Many East Africans mix
  characteristics of both native animist
  religions with Christianity and Islam.

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• Ethiopian Woman Making injera

Made form teff flour, injera is the staple food
of many East African countries.
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The Region Today

• Economy
• East Africas economy is mainly locally based
  with little impact on the global economy.
• Many locals work by growing and harvesting plants
  like coffee and gum arabic, the sap of acacia
  trees.
• Farming and herding are the two main jobs of East
  Africans.
• Many women often farm the land while men take
  care of the livestock.

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Acacia tree
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Commercial Agriculture

• There are few large commercial farms in East
  Africa.
• These few large farms have technology like
  tractors and combines.
• These farms produce large amounts of crops due to
  the access to modern seeds and fertilizers.
• These farms supply the regions cities with much
  of their food supply.

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Nairobi Market
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Industry In the Region

• All countries in this region are developing
  countries.
• - Addis Ababa- The largest city and capital in
  Ethiopia, headquarters of regional organizations.
  Pop.est. 2,450,000
• -Nairobi- The largest city and capital in Kenya,
  regions most important commercial center.
  Pop.est. 2,150,000
• -Dar es Salaam- The largest city and capital in
  Tanzania, Pop. Est. 1,400,000

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• -Khartoum and Omdurman- Largest cities in Sudan,
  face each other across Nile.

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Tourism

• Tourism is a major economic business in East
  Africa.
• -Tourism is a growth industry in the region.
• -Many people have jobs that are dependent on
  tourism.
• Challenges to tourism
• -Recent political strife and degradation to
  national parks all deter tourism.

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Bombing of U.S. Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya 1998
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Unit 7Chap 21-24 Africa
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Chap. 24 Southern Africa

• Landforms and Water
• Southern Africa has three major landform regions.
• - a narrow coastal plain- Runs along the coast
  of South Africa.
• - an inland plateau- covers the largest area
  in Southern Africa and is in the inland region.
• - an escarpment- Lies between the plateau and
  the costal plain. The Drakensberg Range is
  located here.

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Water bodies

• Major Rivers
• -Orange
• -Limpopo
• -Zambezi
• Victoria Falls

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Climate Desert types found in region

• Climates
• Tropical wet
• Dry
• Semiarid
• Deserts
• -Namib- Located on the coast of Namibia.
• -Kalahari- Located in central Southern Africa.

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Namib Desert
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Resources

• Angola- Petroleum
• Zambia- Copper and iron
• South Africa,Botswana and Namibia- Diamonds
• South Africa- Gold and platinum
• South Africa and Zimbabwe- Coal

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Kimberly Mine South Africa
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History

• European presence in Africa grew most rapidly in
  the south. By 1865 close to two hundred thousand
  white people had moved to the southern part of
  Africa.
• The Boers, also called Afrikaners, were the
  descendents of the original Dutch settlers who
  occupied Cape Town in South Africa in the
  seventeenth century.
• Later, the British seized these lands. In the
  1830s the Boers fled British rule, going
  northward and establishing the independent
  republics of Transvaal later the South African
  Republic and the Orange Free State.

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• The Boers believed white supremacy was created by
  God therefore, they put a lot of the indigenous
  (native) peoples on reservations.
• The Boers frequently battled the Zulu, an
  indigenous people. The Zulu had risen to
  prominence under their great ruler, Shaka. Later
  the British defeated the Zulu.
• In the 1880s British policy in South Africa was
  directed by Cecil Rhodes, he set up diamond and
  gold companies that made him wealthy. He named
  the territory north of the Transvaal Rhodesia,
  after himself.

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• Rhodes ambitions led to his downfall in 1896.
  The British government forced him to resign as
  prime minister of Cape Colony after finding out
  he planned to overthrow the Boer government of
  the South African Republic without British
  approval. Conflict broke out between the British
  and the Boers, leading to war.

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• The Boer War went form 1899 to 1902. Fierce
  guerrilla resistance by the Boers angered the
  British, who burned crops and herded more than
  150,000 Boer woman and children into detention
  camps, causing 26,000 to die.
• In 1910 the British created the Independent Union
  of South Africa, combining the Cape Colony and
  the Boer republics. This was a self-governing
  nation within the British Empire. To appease the
  Boers, the policy was that only whites could
  vote.

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Boer War
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Apartheid