Freedom and Partition in India

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Freedom and Partition in India

• Chapter 9

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Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Gandhi saw his life as the search for ultimate
truths and self- transformation (2)
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Gandhi (3)Born Oct. 2, 1869Porbandar,Gujara
t Died Jan. 30, 1948Assassinated
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Gandhi and His Wife
Kasturba Gandhi married Gandhi at age 13 years
old (1883) (4)
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Mohandas Gandhi

• Born into a middle class family
• Leader of Indias freedom movement (INC)
• Left for Britain at age 17 to study law (5)
• Lawyer trained in Britain, practiced in South
  Africa
• Helped unite the various groups within India to
  fight for a common cause

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First Action for Indian Civil Rights

• In South Africa, fighting for Indian rights (6
  7)
• Train ride and effects thrown off the train for
  refusing to move to 3rd class where non-whites
  were expected to sit
• Effects humiliation lead to his desire for
  change and how to get justice
• Civil Disobedience The active refusal to obey
  unjust laws or the demands of an oppressive
  government (7)
• Non-cooperation with evil is as much a duty as is
  cooperation with good.
• Satyagraha truth force convert the wrongdoer
  (7) and reconciliation
• Non-violence ex. Rosa Parks, MLK Jr.

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Lawyer in South Africa
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Appealing to all Indians Returned to India 1915
at age 45 (8)Clip 5621 5900 Gandhi Movie
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Gandhis Principles

• His beliefs were a blend of Hindu and Christian
  beliefs
• Non-violent resistance to end injustice
• Satyagraha truth force convert the wrongdoer
• Inspiration
• Hindu nonviolence, respect for all life
• Christianity love ones enemies
• Mahatma Great Soul

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Himalayan Blunder

• Although this nation-wide strike hit the British
  hard, and led to thousands of Indians being
  jailed, in 1922 it erupted into violence.
• A mob of Satyagrahis lit fire to a police
  station, killing two dozen police officers
  trapped inside.
• Gandhi called off the entire Satyagraha
• mistakenly believed that his followers truly
  understood non-violence
• Gandhi Movie Clip 117 22 -124

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Gandhis Principles

• He wanted the world to see the injustice in India
  without using violence
• Gandhi wanted the British to see the err in their
  wrong doings
• The same principles were used with apartheid in
  South Africa
• Satyagraha truth force convert the wrongdoer

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• 1
• Gandhis Principles

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Amritsar Massacre 1919

• Causes 10
• Oppressive new laws limited freedoms
• Rowlatt Acts
• trials without juries
• permitted internment of suspects without trial
• Ban on mass meetings
• Limited freedom of press
• protest against the arrest of two leaders of the
  Indian National Congress in 1919

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• The Indians were packed together so that one
  bullet would drive through three or four bodies
  the people ran madly this way and the other.
  When fire was directed upon the centre, they ran
  to the sides. The fire was then directed to the
  sides. Many threw themselves onto the ground, and
  fire was then directed on the ground. This
  continued for eight or ten minutes, and it
  stopped only when the ammunition had reached the
  point of exhaustion Winston Churchill

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Amritsar Massacre

• British Brig. Gen. who led the massacre was
  removed from duty but some honored him at home
  for crushing the Indians

Rattan Devi stated, ''I saw three men writhing in
great pain and a boy of about 12. I could not
leave the place. The boy asked me for water but
there was no water in that place. At 2 am, a Jat
who was lying entangled on the wall asked me to
raise his leg. I went up to him and took hold of
his clothes drenched in blood and raised him up.
Heaps of bodies lay there, a number of them
innocent children. I shall never forget the
sight. I spent the night crying and watching..."
clip from 124 131 show clip
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Amritsar Massacre

• 'The Martyr's' well at Jallianwala Bagh
• Other than those got shot, many died by jumping
  into the solitary well on the compound to escape
  the shooting

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Amritsar Massacre
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Results of Amritsar Massacre (10)

• Effects
• 379 Indians dead - 1,100 Indians injured
• Ridiculous Rules forced against the Indians
• All Indians must crawl on their hands and knees
  on a city street
• Indiscriminate whippings
• British General Dyer, removed from duty but some
  honored him at home
• Teach Indians a lesson
• Turning Point for Indias struggle for complete
  independence
• Nationalist movement took off
• All Indians united against British
• Gandhi became one of the masses

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GANDHI RAPS
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• 2
• Amritsar Massacre

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Indian Self-Reliance (11)

• Gandhi won the support of all groups by stressing
  Indias heritage and Self-reliance Gandhi Clip
  138 141
• Examples
• Gave up Western ways
• Spun his own cotton, wore simple white clothing
• Western clothes symbolized cultural dependence
• Vegetarianism
• Wanted to reform caste system (untouchables)
• Included Muslims

(12) To be seen as the leader of all Indians
connected with the masses Bapu Father
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Non Violent Protests

• Gandhi supported nonviolent acts of civil
  disobedience
• Boycotted British made goods
• Supported workers strikes
• Did not want lose the moral high ground and
  threatened by acts of violence(13)
• The Salt March
• Quit India Movement

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The Salt March 1930 (14)

• Indians were not allowed to make their own salt
• They had to purchase heavily taxed British salt
• Gandhi led Indians on a march over 200 miles to
  the Arabian Sea
• Starts with 80 people ends with hundreds of
  thousands
• On his march to the sea, Gandhi says They are
  not in control we are. Explain.
• They made their own once they reached the ocean
• Gandhi movie clip 20420 22058

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The Salt March 1930 (14)

• Effects (14)
• Gandhi and 50,000 protester were arrested
• British violence against protesters
• Britain responded with violence to the satyagraha
  protests
• Worldwide interest and debate especially in Great
  Britain whether to hold on to India

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Amritsar Massacre
Amritsar Massacre
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GANDHI RAPS
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• 3
• Salt March

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August 1942
Gandhi demands independence for India (15)
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Gandhi Jailed (16)

• Jailed for his announcement of the Quit India
  Movement and the Do or Die mantra (16)
• At age 73
• Issues b/c of leadership arrests

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Do or Die Speech

• Starts the Quit India Movement August 8, 1942
• I am not going to be satisfied with anything
  short of complete freedom. May be, he will
  propose the abolition of salt tax, the drink
  evil, etc. But I will say, Nothing less than
  freedom.Here is a mantra, a short one, that I
  give you. You may imprint it on your hearts and
  let every breath of yours give expression to it.
  The mantra is Do or Die. We shall either free
  India or die in the attempt we shall not live to
  see the perpetuation of our slavery. Every true
  Congressman or woman will join the struggle with
  an inflexible determination not to remain alive
  to see the country in bondage and slavery.

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WWII Quit India (17)

• Gandhi leads non-support efforts in India during
  World War II
• Massive civil disobedience campaign and riots
• India would support Britain if they were granted
  immediate independence, Britain refused
• Mass arrests on Indians
• The Quit India campaign was effectively crushed
  with thousands of arrests suppression of civil
  rights

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WWII Quit India (17)

• Importance of the Quit India Movement
• British government astonished by observing the
  powerful nationalistic feelings of the Indians
  added with anti-British feeling
• convinced the British Government that their days
  were numbered in India and they had to free the
  country anti-British feeling too much
• The Quit India Movement quickened the process of
  freedom. (17)
• India gains independence August 15, 1947 (18)

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• 4
• Quit India Movement

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Gandhi Hindu/Muslim Conflict

• Brought by the prospect of independence (18)
• Deep differences led to conflict - historical
  conflict
• some cooperation at first
• division between INC and Muslim League
• Gandhi hoped the two could live peacefully
  together, with independence
• Muslims fears
• the Hindu Nationalists would not grant them
  rights
• Muslim feared being a minority in a Hindu nation
  own nation
• the Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah,
  demands for a separate Muslim nation (18)

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Two Nations disappointed Gandhi

• August 15, 1947 Indian Independence (17)
  Britain no longer had resources to rule
• Indian Independence Act (1947)
• Pakistan August 14, 1947
• India August 15, 1947
• (21) Non-violent Revolution
• Lord Mountbatten was the last Viceroy of India.
• Mountbatten was appointed Viceroy of India in
  1947 and he oversaw the creation of the
  independent states of India and Pakistan.
• Gandhi Clip 23457- 23654 and 23924

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• Independence of India

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(East Pakistan)
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Jawaharlal Nehru

• Ally of Gandhi.
• 1st Prime Minister of India, 1947-1964.

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Pakistan

• Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• governor-general of a newly formed Pakistan.
• Conflicts in Pakistan divides (1972)
• W. Pakistan Pakistan
• E. Pakistan Bangladesh

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Two Nations disappointed Gandhi

• The subcontinent was divided (partitioned) into
• Muslim Pakistan - to protect Muslin minority
  Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• Hindu India
• Gandhi refused to celebrate Indian independence
  b/c of the violence, Heartbroken (18)

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• 6
• Formation of Pakistan

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Hindu-Muslim Conflict

• At partition, Mutual violence during mass
  migration (18)
• 500,000 died in the fighting between the two
  nations
• Gandhi guilt b/c he failed to convert people to
  non-violence
• Gandhis Hunger strike to end the violence (19)
• successful

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Gandhi Clip 242-24432
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• 7
• Hindu/Muslim Conflict

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India after Gandhi

• Gandhi assassinated about 1 year after Indias
  independence (1948)
• shot by a Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse (20)
  on 30 January 1948

I took courage in both my hands and I did fire
the shots at Gandhiji on 30th January 1948, on
the prayer-grounds of Birla House. I do say that
my shots were fired at the person whose policy
and action had brought rack and ruin and
destruction to millions of Hindus. There was no
legal machinery by which such an offender could
be brought to book and for this reason I fired
those fatal shots.
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Rama Indian Word God(20)

• Some questions on last words

Raj Ghat - A National Memorial
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The body of Mahatma Gandhi lying in state at
Birla House, New Delhi, before the funeral
cortege leaves for the burning ghats on the banks
of the river Yamuna on 2 February 1948.
Keystone/Getty Images
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Funeral procession of Gandhi at New Delhi on 6
February 1948
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The Governor Generals Bodyguard heading the
procession on the 5.5 mile route through New
Delhi to the funeral pyre during the funeral of
Mahatma Gandhi on 4 February 1948. Keystone/Getty
Images
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The ashes of Mahatma Gandhi are collected at his
funeral, held in Delhi and attended by several
thousand people on 9 February 1948
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• George C. Marshall, US Secretary of State
• "Mahatma Gandhi had become the spokesman for the
  conscience of all mankind. He was a man who made
  humility and simple truth more powerful than
  empires.
• Albert Einstein
• "Generations to come will scarce believe that
  such a man as this ever in flesh and blood walked
  upon this earth."

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• 8
• Assassination of Gandhi

Gandhi Clip Assassination 247 or VHS
Assignations That Changed the World
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India After Gandhi
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