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Title: Mass Society in an


1
Chapter 23
  • Mass Society in an Age of Progress,
  • 1871 - 1894

2
Timeline
3
The Growth of Industrial Prosperity New Products
New Markets
  • Mass Society
  • In the late 19th century, human progress was
    measured with material progress and consumption
    of material goods
  • Europeans began to value leisure activities and
    the weekend (free from work)
  • Lower and middle class began to take trains to
    amusement parks and the beach
  • Mass Politics
  • After 1871, the focus of European life became the
    national state
  • Growing sense of nationalism and popularity of
    sports
  • Extension of universal male suffrage leads to
    nationalism to influence the masses
  • First Industrial Revolution
  • Textiles, railroads, iron, and coal
  • Second Industrial Revolution
  • Steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum

4
Possible Test Question
  • In late nineteenth-century Europe, human progress
    was increasingly identified with
  • War.
  • Economic inequality.
  • Material progress or greater consumption of
    material goods.
  • Sport.
  • Spiritual beliefs and practices.

5
Possible Test Question
  • By 1871, the focus of Europeans lives had become
  • Their weekends.
  • Their schools.
  • Their favorite sports teams.
  • The national state.
  • Their church.

6
  • Substitution of steel for iron
  • 1860 Britain, Germany, France, Belgium produced
    125,000 tons of steel
  • 1913 the total rose to 32 million tons
  • Chemicals
  • Germany led the market in production of dyes
    photographic plates
  • Electricity (powered 2nd Industrial Revolution)
  • Thomas Edison (1847-1931) and Joseph Swan light
    bulb
  • Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) telephone,
    1876
  • Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) radio waves
    across the Atlantic, 1901
  • Used for transportation railways, streetcars,
    subways
  • Transformation of factories

7
Possible Test Question
  • Between 1860 and 1913, western European steel
    production went from
  • 5000 tons to 1 million tons.
  • 35,000 tons to 2 million tons.
  • 50,000 tons to 15 million tons.
  • 125,000 tons to 32 million tons.
  • 10 million tons to 100 million tons.

8
  • Internal Combustion Engine (1878-Gas Air)
  • Automobile and airplane
  • Henry Ford (1863-1947) mass production
    (assembly line)
  • Zeppelin airship, 1900
  • Wright brothers, 1903 (1st passenger air service
    1919)
  • New markets
  • Focused on consumer goods for domestic markets
  • Prices of food and manufactured goods decreased
  • Increased wages
  • Competition for foreign markets
  • Tariff
  • Reaction against free trade to guarantee domestic
    markets for their own industries
  • Cartels
  • Companies worked together to fix prices set
    production quotas
  • Larger factories
  • Assembly lines

9
Possible Test Question
  • The first internal combustion engine burning a
    mixture of gas and air was produced in
  • 1798.
  • 1838.
  • 1858.
  • 1878.
  • 1898.

10
An Age of Progress
11
New Patterns in an Industrial Economy
  • Economic Patterns, 1873 1914
  • Depression, 1873 1895
  • Economic boom, 1895 1914
  • German Industrial Leadership
  • Germany replaces Britain as the industrial leader
    of Europe
  • New areas of manufacturing (chemicals, electrical
    equipment)
  • Industrialized later, so they invested in modern
    equipment
  • Encouraged scientific technical education

12
Possible Test Question
  • Germany began to replace Britain as Europes
    industrial leader by the early twentieth century
    largely due to
  • Britains careless and radical changes made to
    its industries.
  • Germanys cautious approach and doctrine of
    sticking to what works in industry.
  • Britains reliance on cartels to invest large
    sums of money in new industries.
  • Germanys development of new areas of
    manufacturing including chemicals and heavy
    electric machinery.
  • Britains loss of empire during and after the
    Boer War.

13
  • European Economic Zones
  • Advanced industrial core of Great Britain,
    Belgium France, the Netherlands, Germany, western
    part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and northern
    Italy
  • Little industrial development in southern Italy,
    most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, the
    Balkan kingdoms, and Russia
  • Surplus grain and cheap transportation caused a
    sharp drop in agricultural prices.
  • The Spread of Industrialization
  • Industrialization in Russia and Japan
  • Japans government took the lead in promoting
    industry
  • Emergence of a World Economy
  • Europe was importing goods from around the world
  • Foreign countries were used as markets for the
    surplus of manufactured goods

14
Possible Test Question
  • The Second Industrial Revolution experienced
  • A drop in agricultural prices.
  • The shift from a three-field to a two-field crop
    rotation system due to better chemical
    fertilizers.
  • The emergence of a new class of agricultural
    production leaders called coloni.
  • A sharp increase in agricultural prices.
  • To stabilize agricultural prices at the level
    attained in 1850.

15
Map 23.1 The Industrial Regions of Europe by 1914
16
Women and Work New Job Opportunities
  • Women sought the Right to work
  • Ideal of Domesticity working class
    organizations supported traditional roles for
    women
  • Sweatshops subcontracting work out to women at
    home
  • White-Collar Jobs
  • Increase in white-collar jobs created a shortage
    of male workers opening up opportunities for
    women (After 1870)
  • Expansion of service sector jobs - secretaries,
    teachers nurses
  • Freedom from domestic patterns
  • Prostitution
  • Many lower class women became prostitutes in big
    cities as a way to survive
  • London 1885 an estimated 60,000 prostitutes
  • Contagious Diseases Acts in the 1870s 1880s
  • Called for inspection of prostitutes for venereal
    diseases
  • Acts were repealed over complaints that men were
    not being checked

17
Possible Test Question
  • Employment opportunities for women during the
    Second Industrial Revolution
  • Changed in quality and quantity with the
    expansion of the service sector.
  • Declined dramatically as prostitution became
    illegal.
  • Increased greatly with working-class men pushing
    their wives to work outside the home.
  • Declined when piece-work was abandoned as
    inefficient and sweatshops were outlawed.
  • Declined because labor unions forced governments
    to restrict most employment opportunities to men
    only.

18
New Jobs for Women The Telephone Exchange
19
Organizing the Working Class
  • Trade Unions
  • First half of the 19th Century
  • Trade Unions functioned as mutual aid societies
  • Late 19th Century
  • Formed labor unions and political parties based
    on ideas of Karl Marx
  • Trade unions are increasingly aligned with
    socialist parties
  • Socialist Parties
  • German Social Democratic Party (SPD)
  • Largest German political party by 1912
  • Growth of socialist parties spread to other
    European countries
  • Second International united socialist
    organization
  • Struggled due to internal differences
  • Two divisive issues nationalism and revisionism

20
Possible Test Question
  • The trade union movement prior to World War I
  • Was strongest in France after the dissolution of
    the Second International in 1890.
  • Occurred despite trade unions being banned by
    most state governments.
  • Varied from state to state, but was generally
    allied with socialist parties.
  • Was primarily for unskilled laborers, especially
    the New Model unions.
  • Focused entirely on wages and working conditions
    negotiated directly with employers without any
    government involvement in the process.

21
  • Evolutionary Socialism (Revisionism)
  • Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932)
  • Member of the German Social Democratic Party who
    spent years in exile in Britain
  • Argued that Marx had made fundamental mistakes
    and socialists needed to stress cooperation and
    evolution rather than class conflict and
    revolution
  • Stressed the need to work through democratic
    politics to create socialism, not revolution.

22
  • The Problem of Nationalism
  • Variation of socialist parties from country to
    country
  • Focused on issues in their own countries instead
    of a unified workers movement
  • The Role of Trade Unions
  • National variations
  • German unions were the strongest
  • Unions and political parties
  • The Anarchist Alternative
  • More popular in less industrialized nations
    (Italy, Spain, Russia, Portugal) where people
    saw no hope of peaceful political change
  • Initially believed that people were inherently
    good but got corrupted by the state and society
  • Socialist parties and trade unions became less
    radical so some people turned to anarchism as a
    means for a social revolution
  • Michael Bakunin
  • Russian anarchist who advocated violence to
    dissolve state institutions

23
Possible Test Question
  • Anarchist movements were most successful in
  • Industrialized countries like Great Britain and
    Germany.
  • Toppling national governments through
    assassinations.
  • Restoring legitimacy to radical movements through
    peaceful dialogue with political opponents.
  • Less industrialized and less democratic countries
    where ordinary people could see no hope of
    peaceful political change.
  • Countries with revolutionary traditions like
    France.

24
Proletarians of the World, Unite
25
Emergence of a Mass Society
  • Population Growth
  • 1850 270 million
  • 1910 460 million
  • Population growth
  • 1850-1880 caused by increasing birth rate
  • After 1880 caused by declining mortality rate
  • Medical discoveries and environmental conditions
  • Smallpox vaccination
  • Improved publication sanitation
  • Reduced deaths from diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid
    fever, cholera
  • Improved nutrition
  • Better nutrition food hygiene
  • Faster shipment of food
  • Pasteurization of milk
  • Emigration
  • Economic motives
  • Oppressed minorities went to other countries
    (especially U.S)
  • Political motives
  • Lower class citizens seeking more freedom

26
Possible Test Question
  • Between 1850 and 1910, European population
  • Increased from 270 million to 460 million.
  • Actually decreased slightly.
  • Increased from 45 to 60 million.
  • Stagnated, causing severe problems for the
    development of leisure industries.
  • Declined significantly because of the pollution
    engendered by increasing urbanization.

27
Table 23.2 European Emigration, 1876 1910
28
Map 23.2 Population Growth in Europe, 1820-1900
29
Transformation of the Urban Environment
  • Urbanization of Europe
  • Migration from rural to urban
  • 1800 21 European cities with a population of
    100,000
  • 1900 147 European cities with a population of
    100,000
  • People moved to the cities for job opportunities
  • Improving Living Conditions
  • Reformers Edwin Chadwick and Rudolf Virchow
  • Pointed to relationship between living conditions
    and disease
  • Buildings begin to be inspected for problems
  • Public Health Act of 1875 in Britain
  • Clean water into the city
  • Private baths (Hot water) became accessible to
    people in 1860s
  • Shower appears in 1880s
  • Sewage System

30
  • Housing Needs
  • Reformer-philanthropists focused on relationship
    of living conditions to political and moral
    health of the nation built homes for the poor
  • Government support increase in regulations
  • Demolition of old, unneeded urban defensive walls
    and new, wider streets
  • Octavia Hill rehabilitated old homes and built
    new ones designed to give the poor an environment
    they could use to improve themselves
  • Redesigning the Cities
  • Major European cities were redesigned after the
    example of Paris in the 1850s
  • Construction of streetcars commuter trains
    created suburbs

31
Possible Test Question
  • Reforms in urban living included all of the
    following except
  • The development of pure water and sewerage
    systems.
  • Model homes built for the poor by wealthy
    philanthropists.
  • The demolition of old, unneeded urban defensive
    walls, replaced by wide avenues.
  • A concerted effort to clean up all polluted
    rivers and lakes.
  • Some increases in governmental regulations.

32
Working-Class Housing in London
33
The Social Structure of the Society
  • The Upper Classes
  • 5 of the population that controlled 30 to 40 of
    wealth
  • Plutocrats aristocrats who made their money on
    investments in railroads, public utilities,
    government bonds, businesses
  • Alliance of wealthy business elite and
    traditional aristocracy
  • Common bonds wealthy middle class kids admitted
    to elite schools
  • The Middle Classes
  • Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower
    middle-class
  • Professionals (law, medicine, civil service)
  • New professionals engineers, architects,
    accountants, chemists
  • White-collar workers (product of the 2nd
    Industrial Revolution)
  • Sales reps, bookkeepers, bank tellers, telephone
    operators, secretaries, department store clerks
  • Middle-class values came to dominate
  • Concerned with traditional Christian values and
    work ethic

34
Possible Test Question
  • The middle classes of nineteenth-century Europe
  • Were composed mostly of shopkeepers and
    manufacturers who barely lived above the poverty
    line.
  • Offered little opportunity for women in improving
    their lot.
  • Were very concerned with propriety and shared
    values of hard work and Christian morality.
  • Viewed progress with distrust as they did not
    wish to lose their economic gains.
  • Were sinking in economic and social security
    because of the increase of plutocrats.

35
  • The Lower classes
  • 80 percent of the European population
  • Agriculture
  • Many were landholding peasants sharecroppers,
    laborers
  • Urban working class Skilled, semiskilled,
    unskilled workers 
  • Skilled artisans cabinet makers, printers,
    jewelry makers
  • semiskilled artisans carpenters, bricklayers,
    factory workers
  • Unskilled laborers day laborers, domestic
    services

36
A Middle-Class Family
37
The Woman Question The Role of Women
  • Traditional Values
  • Marriage the only honorable and available career
  • Decline in the birth rate in part to some birth
    control
  • 1840s-invention of vulcanized rubber made birth
    control an option
  • Elizabeth Poole Sanford encouraged women to avoid
    being self-sufficient. Thought women should
    embrace domesticity and dependence on their
    husbands.
  • Middle-Class and Working-Class Families
  • Glorified Domesticity
  • Domestic ideal for the family emphasized
    togetherness with time for leisure
  • Stressed functional knowledge for their children
    to prepare them for future roles.
  • Daughters of working class families worked until
    married
  • 1890 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible
    to live on husbands wages
  • Limit size of the family
  • Reduced work week

38
Possible Test Question
  • For Elizabeth Poole Sanford, women should
  • Avoid being self-sufficient.
  • Strive to become equal to men.
  • Accept their roles at home until new governmental
    reforms were instituted.
  • Make it known to their husbands that they were
    dissatisfied.
  • Take employment outside the home to become
    economically self-sufficient.

39
Education in the Mass Society
  • Expansion of Secondary Education
  • Universal Elementary Education
  • States began to offer public education
  • By 1900, most were free and compulsory at the
    primary level
  • States assumed the responsibility for teacher
    training
  • Liberal Beliefs About Education
  • Personal and social development
  • Needs of industrialization
  • Differences in education of boys and girls
  • Girls - less math science, more domestic
    skills
  • Boys humanities plus carpentry military drill
  • Political motives
  • Need for an educated electorate
  • Instilled patriotism and nationalized the masses
  • Female Teachers
  • Increased Literacy from mass education
  • Growth of Newspapers

40
Possible Test Question
  • By 1900, most European educational systems
  • Were free and compulsory at least at the primary
    level.
  • Were expensive to operate, and charged high
    tuition.
  • Were backward and lacked good teachers.
  • Still taught a medieval variety of subjects.
  • Had declined because of lack of governmental
    interest and support.

41
Mass Leisure
  • Amusement Parks
  • Music and Dance Halls
  • Thomas Cook (1808-1892)
  • Pioneer father of mass tourism
  • Offered vacations to Europe
  • Sports
  • Boy Scouts (1908) The real boy scout is not a
    sissy.
  • Became organized with rules
  • Professional sports leagues emerged
  • Boys were encouraged to play sports to toughen
    them up

42
Possible Test Question
  • A new development in the age of mass leisure was
  • The newspaper and novel.
  • The excessive consumption of alcohol.
  • The theater.
  • Carnival.
  • Professional sports.

43
Western Europe The Growth of Political Democracy
  • Reform in Britain William Gladstone
  • Reform Act of 1867 Suffrage extended
  • English Reform Bill of 1884
  • Gave English agricultural workers the right to
    vote
  • Redistribution Act of 1885 Reorganized the
    election boroughs
  • Salaries paid to members of the House of Commons,
    1911
  • More people could run for office
  • Charles Parnell (1846-1891)
  • Leader of the Irish representatives in Parliament
  • Called for Home Rule for Ireland
  • This would have established a separate Parliament
    for Ireland
  • English conservatives voted against home rule
  • Resulted in terrorist attacks by the Irish

44
Possible Test Question
  • The English Reform Bill of 1884
  • Enfranchised women.
  • Gave English agricultural workers the right to
    vote.
  • Did not dramatically increase the size of the
    electorate.
  • Increased the total number of members in the
    House of Commons.
  • Increased middle-class representatives in
    Parliament.

45
  • Reform in France
  • Louis Napoleons 2nd Empire ended with his defeat
    in the Franco-Prussian War
  • Universal male suffrage in 1871 enforced by
    Bismarck
  • People elected a new National Assembly
  • Radical republicans formed an independent
    government in Paris known as the Commune
  • Fighting broke out between the Commune and the
    National Assembly
  • National Assembly massacred thousands of members
    of the Paris Commune
  • Brutal suppression of the Paris Commune created a
    split between the working class and the middle
    class
  • Establishment of the Third Republic, 1875
  • Monarchists, Catholic clergy and army officers
    opposed the Third Republic
  • General Georges Boulanger - leader of a proposed
    coup detat
  • Lost the courage to carry it out and fled the
    country
  • Boulanger crisis rallied French citizens to the
    republic

46
Possible Test Question
  • Splits between the French working and middle
    class
  • Were largely solved by the liberal reforms of the
    Third Republic.
  • Enabled the Third Republic to elect a new monarch
    in 1875.
  • Led a strong parliamentary system of government.
  • Were further widened by the brutal suppression of
    the Paris Commune in 1871.
  • Ended in light of continued Prussian threats to
    Frances national survival.

47
  • Italy
  • Had pretensions of great power status
  • Sectional differences in Italy
  • Italians were loyal to their family, towns and
    regions, but not their country
  • Chronic turmoil beyond the governments control
  • No universal male suffrage
  • Italy Spain
  • Both remained second rate European powers

48
Central Eastern Europe Persistence of the Old
Order
  • Germany
  • Trappings of parliamentary government
  • 1871 constitution
  • Emperor commands the military in Prussian
    tradition
  • Bismarcks conservatism
  • Used coalitions to get what he wanted then he
    dropped them
  • Kulturkampf - struggle for civilization an
    attack on Catholic Church
  • Tried to weaken Social Democratic Party by
    passing antisocialist law
  • Tried to woo workers from socialism by passing
    social welfare programs

49
Possible Test Question
  • Which statement best applies to Germany under
    chancellor Otto von Bismarck?
  • Prussia lost much of its influence on state
    politics.
  • Coalitions were used by Bismarck to get what he
    wanted and then he dropped them.
  • Socialism was almost completely stamped out by
    the Prussian army.
  • Almost all regional differences disappeared under
    the charismatic leadership of Bismarck.
  • The emperor became merely a figurehead and lacked
    any political power and influence.

50
  • Austria-Hungary
  • Austrian constitution of 1867 (in reality it was
    still an autocracy)
  • Problem of minorities worsened with universal
    male suffrage, 1907
  • Russia
  • Alexander III, 1881-1894 Overturns reform and
    returns to repressive measures (autocracy) after
    assassination of Alexander II
  • Nicholas II, 1894-1917 Believed in absolute rule

51
Possible Test Question
  • The policy pursued by Russias Alexander III and
    Nicholas II after the assassination of Alexander
    II was a policy of
  • Liberalism.
  • Nationalism.
  • Socialism.
  • Militarism.
  • Autocracy.
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