Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE

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Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE

• Tarbuck Lutgens

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Good Morning From Mrs. Melodi Lowery. My son is
having surgery today and I really need to be with
him. Please do not waste this day. Please do
what the sub asks of you and make me proud. You
will have multiple slides to copy the sub will
advance the slides at his or her discretion
meaning when students that are working are
finished. The next slide will be written in Your
Starter Notebooks (Remember I have the other
notebook). The next slide is your vocabulary you
do not have to look them up I have done that for
you (Your Welcome). The remaining slides must be
done on Loose Leaf Notebook Paper to be turned on
Tomorrow. Remember the sub will not go back to
catch you up you must keep up. See you,
Wednesday.
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Chapter 2
Vocabulary (Quiz Friday) Copy in Starter Book
After Ch 2. Vocabulary

1. Atomic numberThe number of Protons Electrons
   in an atom
2. Isotope--elements that have the same number of
   protons but varying numbers of neutrons.
3. Mass number-- the number of neutrons and protons
   in the nucleus of an atom.
4. Energy Levelthe shells that surround an atom
   
5. Ionan atom that gains or looses electrons.
6. Group ---the columns on the periodic table, also
   known as families.
7. Period ---the rows on the periodic table
8. Nonmetal---elements that do not exhibit the
   properties of a metal
9. Metal a chemical element that is a good
   conductor of both electricity and heat
10. Metalloid an element that exhibits both metal
    and nonmetal properties

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Remember You are to copy all the slides that
follow on Loose Leaf Notebook Paper.
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• Chemical Bonding
• When an atoms outermost energy level does not
  contain the maximum number of electrons, the atom
  is likely to form a chemical bond with one or
  more other atoms.
• 3 types of chemical bonds
• 1. ionic bonds-form ions
• 2. covalent bonds-form molecules
• 3. metallic bonds.
• Ionic bonds form between positive and negative
  ions.
• Ex. Salt forms when sodium (Na) reacts
  with chlorine (Cl)
• Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons.
• Ex. Water forms when Hydrogen(H)
  reacts with oxygen(O)
• Metallic bonds form when electrons are shared by
  metal ions

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Copy Questions and Answer on your paper! 1. What
is an element? 2. What kinds of particles make up
atoms? 3. What are isotopes? 4. What are
compounds and why do they form?
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2.1 Matter
? Elements are the basic building blocks of
minerals.
? Over 100 elements are known.
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2.1 Matter
? Smallest particles of matter
? Have all the characteristics of an element
? The nucleus is the central part of an atom and
contains

• protons, which have positive electrical charges

• neutrons, which have neutral electrical charges

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2.1 Matter
? Energy levels, or shells

• surround the nucleus

• contain electronsnegatively charged particles

? The atomic number is the number of protons in
the nucleus of an atom.
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Model of an Atom
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2.1 Matter
? Isotopes of an element have the same number of
protons but varying numbers of neutrons.
? Have different mass numbers the sum of the
neutrons plus protons
? Many isotopes are radioactive and emit energy
and particles.
? The mass number is the number of neutrons and
protons in the nucleus of an atom.
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2.1 Matter
? When an atoms outermost energy level does not
contain the maximum number of electrons, the atom
is likely to form a chemical bond with one or
more atoms.

• A compound consists of two or more elements that
  are chemically combined in specific proportions.

• An ion is an atom that gains or loses electrons.

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2.1 Matter
1. Ionic bonds form between positive and negative
ions.
2. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons.
3. Metallic bonds form when metal ions share
electrons.
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States of Matter

• Chemistry
• The Four States of Matter

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States of Matter

• The Four States of Matter
• Four States
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma

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States of Matter

• The Four States of Matter
• Basis of Classification of the Four Types
• Based upon particle arrangement
• Based upon energy of particles
• Based upon distance between particles

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States of Matter

• Solids
• Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating
  about a fixed position.
• Solids have a definite shape and a definite
  volume.
• Solids have an infinite number of free surfaces.

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States of Matter

• Solids
• Particle Movement Examples

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States of Matter

• Liquids
• Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are
  far enough apart to slide over one another.
• Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite
  volume.
• Liquids have one free surface.

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States of Matter

• Liquids
• Particle Movement Examples

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States of Matter

• Gases
• Particles of gases are very far apart and move
  freely.
• Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite
  volume.
• Gases have no free surfaces.

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States of Matter

• Gases
• Particle Movement Examples

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States of Matter

• Plasma
• A plasma is an ionized gas.
• A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity
  and is affected by magnetic fields.
• Plasma, like gases have an indefinite shape and
  an indefinite volume.

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States of Matter

• Plasma
• Particles
• The negatively charged electrons (yellow) are
  freely streaming through the positively charged
  ions (blue).

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States of Matter

• Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Solids
• Solids have a definite shape and a definite
  volumebecause the particles are locked into
  place
• Solids are not easily compressible because there
  is little free space between particles
• Solids do not flow easily because the particles
  cannot move/slide past one another

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States of Matter

• Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Liquids
• Liquids have an indefinite shape because the
  particles can slide past one another.
• Liquids are not easily compressible and have a
  definite volume because there is little free
  space between particles.
• Liquids flow easily because the particles can
  move/slide past one another.

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States of Matter

• Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Gases
• Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite
  volume because the particles can move past one
  another.
• Gases are easily compressible because there is a
  great deal of free space between particles.
• Gases flow very easily because the particles
  randomly move past one another.

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States of Matter

• Microscopic Explanation for Properties of Plasmas
• Plasmas have an indefinite shape and an
  indefinite volume because the particles can move
  past one another.
• Plasmas are easily compressible because there is
  a great deal of free space between particles.
• Plasmas are good conductors of electricity and
  are affected by magnetic fields because they are
  composed of ions (negatively charged electrons
  and positively charged nuclei).

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States of Matter

• The Four States of Matter
• The Classification and Properties of Matter
  Depend Upon Microscopic Structure
• Particle arrangement
• Particle energy
• Particle to particle distance

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(No Transcript)
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End of Monday Notes
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The Periodic Table
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Describe how to read the periodic table

• Atomic Number
• The number of protons in an atom identifies the
  element. 
•   The number of protons in an atom is referred
  to as the atomic number of that element.

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Describe how to read the periodic table

• Atomic SymbolThe atomic symbol is one or two
  letters chosen to represent an element ("H" for
  "hydrogen," etc.). 
• These symbols are used every where in the world
•   Usually, a symbol is the abbreviation of the
  element or the abbreviated Latin name of the
  element.

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Describe how to read the periodic table

• Atomic MassThe atomic mass is the average mass
  of an element in atomic mass units ("amu"). 
• Though individual atoms always have a whole
  number of amus, the atomic mass on the periodic
  table is shown as a decimal number because it is
  an average of all the isotopes of an element.

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2.2 Minerals
1. Naturally occurring
2. Solid substance
3. Orderly crystalline structure
4. Definite chemical composition
5. Generally considered inorganic
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2.2 Minerals
1. Crystallization from magma
2. Precipitation
3. Pressure and temperature
4. Hydrothermal solutions
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Minerals Formed as a Result of Crystallization of
Magma
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2.2 Minerals
? Can be classified based on their composition
1. Silicates

• Silicon and oxygen combine to form a structure
  called the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. This
  silicon-oxygen tetrahedron provides the framework
  of every silicate mineral.

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The Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron
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Silicon-Oxygen Chains, Sheets, and
Three-Dimensional Networks
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2.2 Minerals
2. Carbonates

• Minerals that contain the elements carbon,
  oxygen, and one or more other metallic elements

3. Oxides

• Minerals that contain oxygen and one or more
  other elements, which are usually metals

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2.2 Minerals
4. Sulfates and Sulfides

• Minerals that contain the element sulfur

5. Halides

• Minerals that contain a halogen ion plus one or
  more other elements

6. Native elements

• Minerals that exist in relatively pure form

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Sulfides
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Native Copper
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2.3 Properties of Minerals
? Small amounts of different elements can give
the same mineral different colors.
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2.3 Properties of Minerals
? Streak is the color of a mineral in its
powdered form.
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2.3 Properties of Minerals
? Luster is used to describe how light is
reflected from the surface of a mineral.
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Pyrite (Fools Gold) Displays Metallic Luster.
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2.3 Properties of Minerals
? Crystal form is the visible expression of a
minerals internal arrangement of atoms.
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Quartz Often Exhibits Good Crystal Form.
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2.3 Properties of Minerals
? Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a
mineral to being scratched.
? Mohs scale consists of 10 minerals arranged
from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest).
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Mohs Scale of Hardness
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2.3 Properties of Minerals
? Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to
cleave, or break, along flat, even surfaces.
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Mica Has Cleavage in One Direction
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2.3 Properties of Minerals
? Minerals that do not show cleavage when broken
are said to fracture.
? Fracturethe uneven breakage of a mineral
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Conchoidal Fracture
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2.3 Properties of Minerals
? Density is a property of all matter that is
the ratio of an objects mass to its volume.
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2.3 Properties of Minerals
? Some minerals can be recognized by other
distinctive properties.