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PARAGRAPHS

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... Forrest Gump Dramatic episode e.g. a description of a man making granola Anecdote e.g. a personal experience relating to the topic Transitional Paragraph ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: PARAGRAPHS


1
PARAGRAPHS
  • ALLI PENFIELD, DAVID DOLAN, SARA LI, ALBERT
    CHIANG, LIZ VISKOSKI, BLAIR ROBINSON

2
Paragraphs
Paragraphs are used to divide your subject into
manageable units of information. Combined to
show the relationship of ideas to one another and
their significance to your overall purpose. -Two
types of paragraphs Topical paragraphs -
develop a topic or idea Special paragraphs -
introduce or conclude a piece of writing or
provide a transition between major parts
3
Unity
  • - In order to achieve unity in your writing, each
    sentence must show a clear connection to the
    topic.
  • - Consists of sentences that describe or reveal
    characteristics of the subject.

4
Topic Sentences
  • - Normally presents the main idea of the
    paragraph at the beginning, though some occur in
    the middle of paragraphs to have readers follow
    ones train of thought.
  • - Introduces reader to the significance of the
    entire paragraph.

5
Completeness
  • - Amount of explanation needed to appropriately
    address reader.
  • - Completeness is achieved by providing a reader
    with enough information without overwhelming them.

6
Order
  • Consistent order is the key to effective
    paragraphs
  • Direction of movement
  • Four directions
  • General to Particular
  • Particular to General
  • Whole to Parts
  • Question to Answer or Effect to Cause

7
General to Particular
  • Paragraph starts with a general statement and
    then move into specific explanations.
  • The paragraph helps the reader understand the
    general statement

8
Particular to General
  • This is the opposite of General to Particular
  • Starts off with specific information and then
    leads to a general conclusion

9
Whole to Parts
  • Aka partitive or enumerative
  • Opens with a statement which identifies the
    divisions of the topic.
  • Paragraph goes on to define each of the parts
    which were mentioned in the opening statement
  • Often used in argument

10
Question to Answer or Effect to Cause
  • Paragraph begins with a question which the rest
    of the paragraph answers
  • Paragraph begins with an effect and the rest of
    the paragraph explains the cause.

11
Coherence
  • Different from unity, completeness, and order

12
Coherence Flow
  • Easier if have plan/ direction
  • Non-coherent writing stems from start-stop-start
    writing
  • Mostly caused by attention shifts (IMing,
    talking, general procrastination, etc.)
  • Several techniques for building coherence
    pronouns, contrast, repetitive structure, and
    transitional markers

13
Pronoun Reference
  • Connects to a prior point in the paragraph --gt
    link provides unity
  • Reinforces subject(s) of the paragraph

Contrast
  • Use if the topic sentence introduces a
    compare-contrast argument
  • AB or A/BA/B matching sequence
  • All of one side at once or every-other
    alternating structure

14
Repetitive Structure
  • Purposefully reusing same word(s) to make a
    rhythm
  • Most common use is parallel structure
  • Example I Have a Dream speech

Transitional Markers
  • Introduces, adds, contrasts, or concludes
  • For example, for instance, to illustrate
  • Second, then, furthermore, in addition, also,
    next
  • On the other hand, however, instead
  • Therefore, consequentially, in other words,
    finally

15
Special Paragraphs
  • Paragraphs used to introduce or conclude an essay
    or paragraphs used to transition from one subject
    to another

16
Introductory Paragraph
  • Purpose let readers know what your essay is
    about, it previews the essay, and grabs the
    attention of the reader
  • Ways to start Direct Statement, Factual
    Information, Quotation, Dramatic Episode,
    Anecdote

17
Introductory Paragraph (cont.)
  • Direct statement
  • e.g. America is getting online
  • Factual information
  • e.g. Ninety-seven percent of CCHS students
    attend college after graduation
  • Quotation
  • e.g. Life is like a box of chocolates, you
    never know what youre gonna get -- Forrest Gump
  • Dramatic episode
  • e.g. a description of a man making granola
  • Anecdote
  • e.g. a personal experience relating to the
    topic

18
Transitional Paragraph
  • Purpose moving from subject to subject or from
    general explanation to specific examples
  • Connects ideas so the essay flows
  • Often quickly summarizes what has been said and
    suggests what is to come

19
Concluding Paragraphs
  • Purpose not necessarily to summarize the essay
    but to echo the intro paragraph and globalizes
    the ideas of the essay
  • Connects the essay to the greater world
  • Some essays dont need a concluding paragraph--
    dont include if it just restates what is already
    said

20
Concluding Paragraphs (cont.)
  • Restate and recommendation
  • e.g. summarize your points and suggest a
    solution to the problem
  • Prediction
  • e.g. in an essay about global warming you
    could predict what the earth will look like in
    the year 2030
  • Resolution
  • e.g. a final climatic insight into your
    experience
  • Quotation
  • e.g. Its not what your country can do for
    you its what you can do for your country ---
    JFK

21
Revising Paragraphs
  • Do the topical paragraphs make sense with your
    topic?
  • Is there unity, completeness, order, and
    coherence?
  • Does your intro hook the reader?
  • Does your conclusion merely state the obvious? Or
    does it leave the reader with a good impression?

22
  • THE END
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