The Animal Kingdom

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The Animal Kingdom What are the factors that
define an animal? Animals are multicellular
organisms. Their cells lack a cell wall.
Animals cells are organized into complex
organ-systems Animals are heterotrophic - they
must obtain carbon and energy by eating other
organisms and absorbing the consumed organisms
nourishment. Animals require oxygen (for
aerobic respiration) Animals can either
reproduce sexually or asexually (most are
sexual). Animal life cycles require a period of
embryonic development. Animals are typically
mobile
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Major Aquatic Invertebrate Taxa
Phylum Each Phylum has at least one
characteristic that sets it apart from the
others. This ppt will cover Porifera and
Cnidaria Porifera (sponges) spicules Cnidaria
(nahy-dair-ee-uh)(hydra jellyfish)
nematocysts Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Annelida (oligochaetes/leeches) Gastrotricha (ga
strotrichs) Nematoda (nematodes) Mollusca (snail
s/bivalves) Arthropoda (arthropods)
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Terms
Monoecious Diecious Coelom Mesoderm
Having both male and female reproductive organs
hermaphrodite
Having only one type of reproductive organ
separate and distinct sexes
A body cavity lined with a mesoderm
Middle layer of germ where organs will rise
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Phylum Porifera
From the Latin porus for pore and ferre to bear
Animal with pores
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Phylum Porifera
About 5,000 species worldwide About 25 species
are freshwater
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• Osculum-
• Collar cell or choanocyte-
• Amebocytes-
• Incurrent pores-

where the water leaves the sponge system
Vase-shaped cells with a collar of fibrils.
Strains out the smallest food items from the
water such as individual bacteria. A single
flagellum extends and beats, driving the water
currents that keep the sponge alive and healthy.
These cells are totipotent. They can change
into all of the other types of cells. Ingest and
digest food caught by choanocyte collars.
Where water enters the sponge
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• Spicules-
• Mesenchyme-
• Covering cells or pinacocytes-
• Importance to man
• A 10 cm sponge can filter 20 Liters of water a
  day many animals live within the cavities of
  sponges

non-living aggregates of a chemical nature,
secreted and made from silica, calcium carbonate,
or a protein matrix called spongin.
acellular gel layer between the outer and inner
cell layers
skin cells, thin, leathery and tightly packed.
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Common name Sponge
Phylum Porifera
Body Plan Organization Level Cell-level not yet at tissues
Body Plan Symmetry None some radial
Body Plan Cephalization None
Body Plan Body Cavity None
Body Plan Segmentation None
Internal Systems Movement Sessile, choanocytes do beat
Internal Systems Support Spicules
Internal Systems Body Covering Pinacocytes
Internal Systems Nutrition Filter feeder, bacteria, plankton, debris
Internal Systems Respiration Diffusion(CO2) and (O2) from H2O
Internal Systems Circulation H2O moves through pores, Amoebocytes transport O2 and food
Internal Systems Excretion Diffusion to H2O
Internal Systems Nervous None
Internal Systems Reproduction Asexual budding, fragmentation, gemmules Sexual amoebocytes make sperm and ova at different times.
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Reproduction
All sponges can reproduce sexually Generally
monoecious and produce eggs and sperm at
different times to prevent self-fertilization Pro
duce flagellated larva that exit via
osculum Larval motility is the principal
dispersal mechanism Larvae attach to substrate
and begin growing Sponges have great powers of
regeneration
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Feeding
Sponges feed on fine particulate material in the
inflowing water. Food particles generally range
from 5- to 50 µm and are phagocytized by
amoebocytes. After digestion is complete, the
wastes are expelled into the water.
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Phylum Cnidaria
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Major Aquatic Invertebrate Taxa
Phylum Porifera (sponges) Cnidaria (hydra
jellyfish) Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Annelida
(oligochaetes/leeches) Gastropoda
(gastropods) Nematoda (nematodes) Mollusca
(snails/bivalves) Arthropoda (arthropods)
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Phylum Cnidaria Over 10,000 species
Class Hydrozoa (only freshwater
representatives) only 16 freshwater species, the
rest of the 10,000 belong to Scyphozoa and
Anthozoa Class Scyphozoa (jellyfishes) Class
Anthozoa (sea anemones and corals)
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Cnidaria Classification
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnidaria Class
Hydrozoa Hydra Portuguese Mano War Class
Scythozoa True jellyfish Class
Anthozoa Coral Sea anemone
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Hydra and Jellies
Mouth
Gastrodermis
Tentacle
Tentacle
Gastrovascular cavity
Mesoglea
Epidermis
Mouth
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Hydras Three Cell Layers

• Gastrovascular cavity
• open space in interior of hydra
• B. Gastrodermis
• circular muscle filaments, enzymatic gland
  cells, neurons, and sensory cells
• C. Mesoglea
• layer connecting gastrodermis and epidermis
• D. Nematocysts
• cells within cnidocysts that discharge a toxic,
  sticky, or barbed filament hydra is
  usually toxic
• E. Epidermis
• epithelial cells, nematocysts, sensory cells,
  germs cells, neurons

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Common name Hydra Hydra
Phylum Hydra Cnidaria
Body Plan Organization Level Tissues
Body Plan Symmetry Radial
Body Plan Cephalization None
Body Plan Body Cavity None
Body Plan Segmentation None
Internal Systems Movement Sessile, locomotion by gliding or somersault
Internal Systems Support Hydrostatic (water exerting pressure)
Internal Systems Body Covering Epidermal cells
Internal Systems Nutrition Carnivores. Protozoans, shrimp, water fleas (Daphnia)
Internal Systems Respiration Diffusion(CO2) and (O2) from H2O
Internal Systems Circulation Diffusion through epidermis
Internal Systems Excretion Diffusion through cells
Internal Systems Nervous Nerve net with cnidocytes
Internal Systems Reproduction Asexual budding Sexual Hermaphrodites some dioecious
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Dimorphism in Cnidaria
polyp
medusa
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Body Plan in Animals
Coelom Pronunciation Coe-lom (See-lum)
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Body Cavity Plan Acoelomate

• No body cavity present
• Organs are in direct contact with the epithelium
• Tissues hold organs in place
• Ex. Flatworms

• Pseudocoelomate
• Possesses a coelom, but it is lined only on the
  body wall - not around the gut.
• Does not possess vascular systems or
  skeletons.
• Ex. Nematodes or roundworms

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Body Cavity Plan

• Coelom
• Possesses a coelom in which both the inside
  of the body wall and the gut is lined by
  mesoderm
• Tissues called mesenteries suspend organs in the
  coelom and keep them in place.
• Earthworms and higher animals

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