Granny wants to buy you a car

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Granny wants to buy you a car

• What kind of vehicle do you want?
• Classify the type of automobile you want

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Classification Goes from General to Specific

• Domain Automobile
• Kingdom Car
• Phylum Ford
• Class Mustang
• Order 2011
• Family Convertible
• Genus Black
• Species two door

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If you dont classify specifically your granny
might get you

• Domain Automobile
• Kingdom Car
• Phylum Ford
• Class Pinto
• Order 1973
• Family Wagon
• Genus Green/Wood
• Species 3 door

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Scientific Classification

• In addition to cars, what do we classify in
  society?
• How do we classify these things in society?
• How do we classify in science?

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Aristotle 384 322 BC

• Chain of being
• 2 Kingdoms
• 1st known
• attempts to classify life

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2 Kingdoms of Aristotle
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Further Classification
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Early Classification Aristotle 384-322 B.C.

• 2 Kingdoms Plants and Animals
• Plants Green, Non Mobile
• Animals Not Green, Mobile

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How would you classify this using the
Plant/Animal system?
Praying Mantis Green but.. Mobile
Aristotles Grouping of life not specific enough
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Carl Linnaeus 1707 - 1778

• Swedish botanist
• Started putting species in similar categories
  (taxa)
• Systema Naturae

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Linnaeus Systema Naturae

• Linnaeus changed Aristotle's system.   He
• Did away with the plant/animal rules
• Based his system on specific, similar traits
  (morphology)
• Gave organisms taxa that described traits, and
  called them gave scientific names (binomial
  nomenclature)
• Kingdom ? Species System

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Systema Naturae Taxa Linnaeus

• Each category is called a taxon (plural taxa)
• 1. Kingdom
• 2. Phylum
• 3. Class
• 4. Order
• 5. Family
• 6. Genus
• 7. Species

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Mnemonic Device To help remember categories and
order

• Kingdom - King
• Phylum - Phillip
• Class Came
• Order Over
• Family - For
• Genus - Great
• Species - Spaghetti

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Example Classification

• Lion
• 1. Kingdom Animalia (all Animals)
• 2. Phylum Chordata (All vertebrate animals)
• 3. Class Mammalia (All Mammals mammary
  glands)
• 4. Order Carnivora (Meat eaters)
• 5. Family Felidae (includes all Cats)
• 6. Genus Panthera (Includes all roaring
  Cats)
• 7. Species leo (Lions)

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Example of Systema Naturae
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Common name vs. Scientific name

• What is this?
• Common name(s)
• Mountain lion
• Cougar
• Panther
• Puma
• Scientific name
• Felis concolor

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Binomial Nomenclature

• In binomial nomenclature each species is assigned
  a two part scientific name
• Language Latin
• Written in italics Genus species
• In writing the name, cant italicize, so
  underline
• Homo sapien (Genus and species of Human)
• Panthera leo (Genus and species of Lion)

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Classification of a Rose

• A rose by any other name
• Kingdom Plantae
• Phylum Anthophyta
• Class Magnoliopsida
• Order Rosales
• Family Rosaceae
• Genus Rosa
• Species multiflora

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Why Classify?

• Names wont change
• Keeps living things universal
• Descriptions of living things cannot be mistaken
  or lost in translation among scientists

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Why Classify?

• Useful ID tool for scientists in the field of
  agriculture, forestry and medicine
• Example
• A child eats berries from a poisonous plant
  Poison control can identify the plant quickly,
  giving the info. to physicians to treat quickly

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Human Taxonomy Do you know how YOU are
classified?

• KingdomAnimalia
• PhylumChordata
• ClassMammalia
• OrderPrimate
• FamilyHominidae
• GenusHomo
• Speciessapien
• What is our scientific name in binomial
  nomenclature?
• What does it mean?

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7 Taxa of Linnaeus

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

• Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae,
  Canis, familiaris

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Match common names with scientific names.

• Column 1 Column 2
• ________1. Zebra a. Magnolia grandiflora
• ________2. Collared lizard b. Mus musculus
• ________3. Praying mantis c. Pinus
  sylvestris
• ________4. Indian elephant d. Cucumis
  sativus
• ________5. Map turtle e. Mantis religiosa
• ________6. Atlantic salmon f. Equus caballus
• ________7. Giant panda g. Sphagnum affine
• ________8. Purple finch h. Ulnus americana
• ________9. Scotch pine i. Elephas maximus
• _______10. Paper birch j. Ursus horribilis
• _______11. White clover k. Graptemys
  geographica
• _______12. Southern magnolia l. Betula
  papyrifera
• _______13. Red maple m. Carpodacus pupureus
• _______14. American elm n. Trifolium alba
• _______15. House mouse o. Salmo salar
• _______16. Sphagnum moss p. Camelus
  bactrianus
• _______17. Horse q. Equus zebra
• _______18. Grizzly bear r. Acer rubrum

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Timeline of Classification

• 1. 384 322 B.C. Aristotle
• 2 Kingdom Broad Classification
• 2. 1735 - Carl Linnaeus
• 2 Kingdom Multi-divisional Classification
• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Genus,
  Species
• 3. Evolutionary Classification (post-Darwin)
• Group by Evolutionary Descent
• 4. 5 Kingdom System 1950s
• 5. 6 Kingdom System 1990s
• 6. 3 Domain System 1990s

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Multi-Kingdom System

• 2 Kingdom System not efficient -- WHY?
• Microscope!!!
• Opened a new world of organisms
• Biochemical Testing
• Modern Classification System
• 3 Domain Superkingdom
• 6 Kingdom

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OLD VERSIONWhat are the 5 Kingdoms?
Monera (bacteria) has been split into 2 Kingdoms!
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6 Kingdom System
Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Eubacteria Archaea
bacteria
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3 Domains

• Eubacteria Common Bacteria
• Archaea Bacteria ancient Bacteria
• Eukarya Includes everything else - Protist,
  Fungi, Monera, Plants, and Animals

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Current Classification

• Modern Classification which taxon is new?
• 1. Domain most general taxa
• 2. Kingdom
• 3. Phylum
• 4. Class
• 5. Order
• 6. Family
• 7. Genus
• 8. Species

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Human Taxonomy Do you know how YOU are
classified?

• Domain Eukarya
• KingdomAnimalia
• PhylumChordata
• ClassMammalia
• OrderPrimate
• FamilyHominidae
• GenusHomo
• Speciessapien

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6 Kingdoms
Domain Kingdom
Bacteria Eubacteria
Archaea Archaebacteria
Eukarya Protista
Eukarya Fungi
Eukarya Plantae
Eukarya Animalia
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Fan Diagrams

• How are fan diagrams different from cladograms?

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Three Domain System

• 1. Domain Bacteria
• Corresponds to Eubacteria Kingdom
• Unicellular Prokaryotic Organisms
• No Nucleus
• Ecologically Diverse live everywhere!
• Metabolically Diverse
• Cell Walls contain substance called Peptidoglycan
  special protein and sugar
• Trait used to distinguish between
• Bacteria and Archaea
• Target of many Antibiotics

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Three Domain System

• 2. Domain Archaea Ancient Bacteria
• Corresponds to Kingdom Archaeabacteria
• Unicellular, Prokaryotes
• Metabolically Diverse
• No nucleus
• Live in Extreme environments like those of early
  Earth
• Cell walls without Peptidoglycan
• A trait used to distinguish between Archaea and
  Bacteria Domains

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Three Domain System

• 3. Eukarya
• Contains Kingdoms
• Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
• Eukaryotic, single or multi-cellular Organisms
• Nucleus
• Most visible life
• Humans are in Domain Eukarya

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The 6 Kingdoms

• NOTE For now, we are going to just get an
  OVERVIEW of each kingdom we will visit each one
  in detail the rest of the semester

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For now we will only introduce the

• Important characteristics -
• Domain
• Cell type
• Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
• Cell arrangement
• Unicellular, multicellular or both?
• Nutrition
• Autotrophic, heterotrophic, chemotropic or some
  of each?
• Cell wall
• If yes, whats it made of? (there are different
  kinds)
• Examples and facts

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Kingdoms 1

• Archaebacteria
• archae Greek "ANCIENT
• Modern archaebacteria MAY BE directly descended
  from (and are very similar to) the first
  organisms on Earth
• Biochemical genetic properties differ from ALL
  other kinds of life
• UNICELLULAR PROKARYOTES
• No distinct nucleus with membrane around it
• Cell wall made of pseudopeptidoglycan
• Most are heterotrophic, a few are autotrophic,
  and some are chemotrophic
• Live in harsh environments
• Sulfurous hot springs, very salty lakes, and in
  ANAEROBIC environments, such as the intestines of
  mammals
• 3 phyla
• Methanogens
• Halophiles
• Thermoacidophiles

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Kingdoms 2

• Eubacteria
• EU "TRUE
• UNICELLULAR PROKARYOTES
• No distinct nucleus with membrane around it
• Cell wall made from peptidoglycan
• Some are heterotrophic, some are autotrophic,
  some are chemotrophic
• Examples
• Most of the Bacteria (Germs) that affect your
  life
• Includes the disease-causing bacteria such as
  tooth decay or food poisoning
• E. coli, Salmonella, Streptococcus

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Kingdom 3

• Protista
• Eukaryotes
• Lacks complex organ systems
• Live in moist environments
• Cell wall variety some are polysaccharide,
  some silica, some DONT have one
• Mostly unicellular (some colonial
  multicellular)
• Heterotrophic Autotrophic
• 3 types plant-like, animal-like, fungus-like
• Examples AMOEBA, PARAMECIUM, EUGLENA, ALGAE

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Kingdom 4

• Fungi
• Eukaryotes
• Heterotrophs that do not move (sessile)
• Cell wall made from chitin
• Mostly multicellular
• A few are unicellular
• Examples MUSHROOMS MOLDS MILDEWS YEAST
  (unicellular)

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Kingdom 5

• Plants
• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular
• Autotrophs
• Sessile
• Cell walls made of cellulose
• Have complex organ systems
• Examples MOSS, FERNS FLOWERING PLANTS, BUSHES,
  TREES

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Kingdom 6

• Animals
• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophs
• NO CELL WALL
• MOSTLY Motile
• Have complex organ system
• Examples INSECTS, JELLYFISH, HYDRA, CRABS, FISH,
  BIRDS, LIONS,TIGERS,BEARS (oh my !)

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What would the 6 kingdoms say?

• For YOUR kingdom, create a comic/cartoon
• Include a color picture of the organism in its
  environment
• Give your organism a dialog bubble where it can
  speak traits you cant show in your drawing
• Be creative! Make a lasting impression!

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Three Domains of LifeP. 460-461
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Evolutionary Classification System - Phylogeny

• Based on
• 1. Comparative Morphology
• 2. Biochemistry
• 3. Derived Characteristics
• AND ALSO COSIDERED IS
• PHYLOGENY
• The evolutionary history of an organism

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Phylogeny

• Evolutionary relationships between Taxa
• Uses
• Fossil record comparative morphology
• Comparing Homologous DNA/RNA
• Mitochondrial DNA
• rRNA
• Molecular Clocks
• Makes Phylogenetic trees and cladograms

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Molecular Clock can Determine Relationships and
Derived Characters of Species
New mutations are added over evolutionary time
the more recent the organism, the more mutations
are seen
We Know how newer species are related to ancestor
orgs due to mutation patterns
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Phylogenetic Tree
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Which organisms are most related?

• Ubiquitin gene
• Dog
• Amino acid sequence
• Met-pro-iso-asp-val-phe
• Whale
• Amino acid sequence
• Met-pro-iso-asp-leu-phe
• Shark
• Amino acid sequence
• Met-val-iso-his-leu-arg

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Cladistics

• Clade evolutionary branch
• Shows relationships
• Organizes organisms in order of evolution
• Derived characteristics
• novel characters which define their grouping

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Cladistics

• A system of classification based on phylogeny
• Uses cladograms
• What does a cladogram tell you?

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Cladogram vs. Comparative (Traditional)
Morphology p.452
Derived Characters
lt-- Common Ancestor
? ?
Common Ancestor ?
Common Ancestor ?
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Evolutionary classification fixes traditional
classification problems
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What is this organism? How do we use
classification as tool to find out?
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How to use Classification information?
Dichotomous Keys

• Dichotomous Key
• 2 branching
• Uses PAIRED STATEMENTS to classify
• Either or statements

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try this one
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Answers

• A. Deerus magnus
• B. Deerus pestis
• C. Deerus octagis
• D. Deerus purplinis
• E. Deerus deafus
• F. Deerus humpis

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Dichotomous Key you try one
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Some are quite complex
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New Species
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Classification Problems

• Discovery of new organisms may warrant new
  categories
• EX a new family might be created

In the fall of 2006, a new type of crab with a
furry appearance, found near Easter Island in the
Pacific Ocean, was so unusual it warranted a
whole new family designation, Kiwaidae. It was
found at a depth of 2000ft, in area where the
Antarctic sea-shelf is melting
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Totally newThe Vampire Squid

• KingdomAnimaliaPhylumMolluscaClassCephalopoda
  OrderVampyromorphidaFamilyVampyroteuthidaeGen
  usVampyroteuthisSpeciesinfernalis
• Scientific Name
• Vampyroteuthis infernalis

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Creepy Critters Lab

• What would be your Kingdoms? Phyla? Classes?
  Orders? Families? Genera? Species?
• What would have helped?

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Summary

• Classification of organism brings order to the
  great diversity of life
• Each organism is assigned a 2-part latin name
  (genus species) recognized by all scientists
• Taxonomy today classifies organism on the basis
  of their evolutionary relationships phyolgeny,
  cladistics

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Summary (contd)

• Organisms are classified in a series of taxa
• Each taxa represents a set of more specific
  characteristics
• 3 Domains of life contain
• There are 6 kingdoms
• Species is the most specific taxa

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No rest for the taxonomist!

• New environments ? Evolution ? Speciation ? new
  species continually forming
• Still finding new extant organisms.Deep ocean,
  rainforest, etc