???????????????????????????? (System of Units - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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???????????????????????????? (System of Units

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System of Units & Standard of Measurements ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: ???????????????????????????? (System of Units


1
????????????????????????????System of Units
Standard of Measurements
??????? ??????????
2
???????
  1. ??????????????????

3. ????????????????
4. ???????????????????????
3
????? (Unit)
4
????? (Unit)
  • ?????????????????????? ??????????????????
    (??????) ?????????????????????????
  • ??????????????? ???????????????
    (times)??????????????
  • ??????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????

5
???????????? (Fundamental Unit)
  • ?????????????????? ?????????????? ??????

- ??????????? (mechanics, 3)
primary
- ????????????????? (thermal, 1)
- ?????????????? (electrical, 1)
auxiliary
- ???????????? (Illumination, 1)
- ????????????? (chemical, 1)
6
  • ???????????

?????????? ??????????
??????? (???) ??????? (cm, m)
??? (?????) ??? (g, kg)
???? (??????) ???? (s)
- ????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????
7
?????????????????? SI
8
??????????? (Derived Unit)
  • ?????????????????????????????? (Physical Law)
  • ?????????????? ???????????????? ????
    (Dimension)

????
??????? (A) ????? x ???
m x m
m2
9
??????????????????????????????????? ????
??????? (Length) ? L
??? (Mass) ? M
???? (Time) ? T
?????????????????????????????????????????? ????
???????
L2
???????
L3
???
LMT -2
10
???? ???????????? ????????????????? ???????????
11
?????????????????? (System of Unit)
?????????????? ?????????? ?? 2 ???? ???
  • ?????????? (Imperial or British System)
  • ?????????? (Metric System)

12
??????????
  • ??????????????????????????????????????
  • ??????? ? ??? ??? ??? ? ?????
  • ????????????????????????????????????????????

- 1 ??? ??? ??????????????????????????????????
?????????????? ??? ????????????????
13
????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???????

- ??????? ? pound, ounces, dram ??? grain
- ??????? ? inch, foot, yard ??? mile
  • ?????????????????????????

- Pound Troy ??? Pound Avoirdupois
  • ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????

14
Comparison of Imperial and U.S. volume measures

15
Ex. ?????????????????????????????
16
??????????
  • ??????????????????????? 10

?????????????????????????? ??????????????? 3
?????????
  1. Universal System of Weights Measures
    ????????????? Man-made Reference Standard
    ????????????? Permanent Measure ?????????????????

2. ?????????? ?????????????????????????? ???
??????? ??? ??? ????
17
3. ???????? Prefix ????
18
?????????????????????????
- CGS Electrostatic
- CGS Electromagnetic
- TMS
- MKS, MKSA
- Gaussian
  • Heaviside Lorentz

CGS ? (Centimeter, Gram, Second) MKSA ? (Mete,
Kilogram, Second, Ampere)
????????
19
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
20
??????????? 1
??????????????????? 5,000 m2 ?????????? ft2
??????
???????? ????? 1 ft 30.48 cm
0.3048 m
?????
21
????????????????????????? (Electric and Magnetic
Units)
  • ????????????? ???? Volt, Ampere, Ohm ???????????
    ????????? CGS (???????????)

- ??????? (L) ??? Centimeter (C)
- ??? (M) ??? Gram (G)
- ???? (T) ??? Second (S)
  • ???? CGS ????????????????????? ???????????

- CGS electrostatic system
- CGS electromagnetic system
22
CGS electrostatic system
  • ???????????????????? (Q)
  • ?????????? Coulombs Law ??????

?????
F
??? ??????????????? (?????, dyne)
Q1,Q2
??? ?????????????????
r
??? ????????????????????
??? ??? Permittivity ??????????????????????
23
Coulombs law
24
????? 1 ??????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ?? 1 ??????????????????? (Free Space)
    ???????????? 1 ?????

??? permittivity ???????????
??? permittivity ?????? (specific)
  • ????? ???????????????? ?????? 4 (??????
    ???????, ??? ??? ????)

25
??????? Q
???
26
- ??????? (L) ??? Centimeter, cm (C)
???? CGS
- ??? (M) ??? Gram, g (G)
- ???? (T) ??? Second, s (S)
????????????? Q ????
???????? Statcoulomb
27
?????? Q ?????? ??????????????????????????????????
?? ???
???
?????
Statampere
28
CGS electromagnetic system
  • ?????????? magnetic polestrength
  • ?????????? Coulombs Law ??????

?????
F
??? ?????????????????????? 2 ????
m1, m2
??? ??????? magnetic polestrangth
r
??? ????????????????????
??? permeability
29
  • ?????????????????? Free space ???????????????????
    ???????? 1 cm ???????????????? 1 ?????

??? permeability ???????????
??? permeability ?????? (specific)
  • ????? ???????????????? ?????? 4 (??????
    ???????, ??? ??? ????)

30
??????? m
???
31
- ??????? (L) ??? Centimeter, cm (C)
???? CGS
- ??? (M) ??? Gram, g (G)
- ???? (T) ??? Second, s (S)
????????????? m ????
??????????????????? ?????????????????????
32
(No Transcript)
33
????????????? ?????????
  • ???????????? (Practical Unit)

- ????????????????????????? ??? ??????
????????????????????? ???? CGS electromagnetic
  • ????????????? (International Unit)

- ????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????
34
  • ????????????? (International Unit)

????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????? ???????????????????? 1 ??????? ???
0.001118 ???? / ?????? ???????????????????????????
??
35
  • ????????????? (Absalute Unit)

- ??????????????????????????????????????????
- ???????????????????? ???? ???????????????????
- ?????????????? 1 ?????? ??. 1948
36
????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????
37
  • ????????? MKS

- ????????????????? ???????????? (practical)
- ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????????????
- ???????? Permeability ???? 10-7 (???? 1)
38
  • ????????? SI

- ?? 1950 IEC ????????? Ampere ??????????????? 4
??? MKS
- ?? 1954 ???? SI ?????????? ???????????? MKSA
??????????????????????????
39
?????????????????????? SI
40
?????????????????????? SI
41
??????? (Standard)
42
???????????????? (Measurement Standard)
  • ?????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
    ?????????? ????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????
  • ???????????????????????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????

43
???????? ?????????????
??? 1 ???????? ???????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????
???? SI
?????????????????? (???????? 90 - ??????????
10) ????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????? International
Bureau of Weights and Measures ???????? Serves,
France
44
????????????????????????
  • ????????????????????????? (Calibration)
    ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
    ????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????? ?????????????????????????
?????????
Traceability System
45
??????????? ??? ??????????????????????????????????
?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????
46
??????????????????????
????????????????????? 4 ??????????????????????????
??????????
1. ??????????????? (International Standard)
2. ??????????????, ??????? (Primary Standard)
3. ??????????????, ????????? (Secondary Standard)
4. ????????????? (Working Standard)
47
1. ??????????????? (International Standard)
  • ????????????????????????????????
  • ???????????????? International Bureau of Weights
    and Measures, Paris
  • ?????????????????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ????????????

48
2. ??????????????, ??????? (Primary Standard)
  • ?????????????????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ????????
  • ??????????????????????????????????????????????

49
3. ??????????????, ????????? (Secondary Standard)
  • ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ??????????????????????????????????

4. ????????????? (Working Standard)
  • ?????????????????????????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???????????????????????????????

50
(No Transcript)
51
?????????????????????? (Traceability)
  • ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ???????????? ???????????????????
    ???????????????????????????????????????
    ????????????????????????????????????????????

52
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????? ??????????????????????
?????????????? ?????????????????????
????????????? ????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????
53
?????????????????????????????????????
  • ????????????? ???????????????? ??????????????
  • ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  • ????????????????????
  • ?????????????????????
  • ?????????????????

54
???????????????? ??????? ??????????
???
???????? (kg) ??? ?????????????????? (????????
90 - ?????????? 10) ????????????????????????????
???????? ???????????????????????????????????
International Bureau of Weights and Measures
???????? Serves, France
55
???????
???? (m) ??? ????????????????????????????????????
???????????????? 1/299,792,458 ?????????
???????
  • ?????????????????????????????
  • ????????????????????? National Bureau of Standard

56
????????????????? ??? ???????
???????????????
???? 1 / ???????
57
???? ???? SI
?????? (s) ????????????????? 9,192,631,770
??????????????????????????????? caesium-133 atom
????????????????????????????????????????????????
58
????????????????????
1. ????????????
2. ?????????????
3. ??????????????????
4. ??????????????????
5. ????????????????????
59
????????????
  • SI Ampere

60
electromagnetic
( F 2 x 10-7 ??????)
????????
??? ??.??? Mutual Inductance
?????
61
????????????
  • International Ampere

?????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????? ???????????????????? 1 ??????? ???
0.001118 ???? / ?????? ???????????????????????????
??
62
?????????????
  • ???????????????

????? josephson
e - ???????????????
h - ??????????? Plank
63
????? Josephson
  • ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ????
  • ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????
    f ????????????????????????????????????????????????
    ????????
  • ????????????????????????? ???


64
??? KJ ????????????????????? 1 ?????
(??????? 1990)
????????
65
?????????????
  • ?????????????? (NPL) - ?????????????????????

??????????????? 1.01865 V ??? 20o
66
Weston Cadmium Cell emf of 1.0193, accuracy of
0.1
67
?????????????
  • ??????????????? (laboratory working)

?????????????????????? (DC Transfer Standard)
68
??????????????????
  • ?????????????? (NBS, NPL)

???????????????? (?????? 85 , ???????? 11 ,
????? 4 )
69
??????????????????
  • ?????????????? (Primary Standard)

- NIST ?????????????????????????? (Thompson
Lampard)
???????????????????? 2 pF ???????
70
??????????????????
A Maxwell dc commutated bridge ? Measuring
Capacitance
???????????????????????????????????????????????
71
  • Standard Capacitor

- ?????????????????????????????????????????????
- ????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????
  • Working Standard Capacitor

- ??????????????? Silver-mica ???????????
72
????????????????????
  • ?????????????? (Primary Standard)

- NIST (NBS, U.S.A.) ?????????????????????????????
?????????????
- ????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????
73
?????????????????????????????????
74
???????????????????????????
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