The provision of mapped hazard data

1
The provision of mapped hazard data
availability and best practice in SE AsiaRobert
Muir-Wood Owen Gough

• OECD 2nd International Cat Risks Conference
• Bangkok, Sept 25th 2009

2
Agenda

• Best practices in the provision of hazard data
• Relevant perils in SE Asia
• Availability of mapped hazard data across SE Asia
  
• Implications of the hazard data deficit where
  should provision and access now be focused?

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Best Practices
Key to tables
Hazard Map Producing Authority Hazard Map Producing Authority
Type of map Either risk based (probabilistic/historical) or forecast
Parameters Damaging agent A, damaging agent B, damaging agent C
Risk Boundaries Boundaries for damaging agent A, boundaries for damaging agents B and C
Information Preparedness, evacuation or response information
Retrieval Method How the data is retrieved by the user (e.g. address search or coordinates)
Access How the user initially locates the map or the search form
Coverage Stars approximately represent the coverage of the risk area e.g. US hurricane maps achieve ????? coverage despite only including the East/Gulf Coast
Key to colours
Very Good Very difficult to improve
Good Sufficient but minor improvements possible
Average Functional but requires some improvement
Poor Very limited requires substantial improvement
4
Tsunamis
Maximum wave heights along the WA coast for
return periods of a) 100 years, b) 500 years, c)
1000 years, d) 2000 years
Tsunami Threat Map FESA Western Australia Tsunami Threat Map FESA Western Australia
Type of map Probabilistic
Parameters Wave height
Risk Boundaries 100/500/1000/2000 year RP
Information None
Retrieval Method Not searchable
Access Map available on FESA website, full report linked from GA website
Coverage ????? Covers entire area at risk from tsunamis
5
Earthquakes
Screenshot of the information page showing the
risk level of hazards, the checklist of suggested
steps to prepare and the tabs to view flood and
fire risk
My Hazards CALEMA My Hazards CALEMA
Type of map Probabilistic
Parameters Shaking, liquefaction, landslide, fault rupture
Risk Boundaries High/medium, at risk areas
Information Preparedness information tailored to each risk level, multi-format
Retrieval Method Search by zip/address/coordinates
Access Prominent banner link from California state and emergency website
Coverage ????? Covers all areas of the state of California
6
Tropical Storms
NHC map of the Gulf Coast showing return periods
for Category 5 hurricanes
Hurricane Preparedness NHC/NOAA Hurricane Preparedness NHC/NOAA
Type of map Probabilistic
Parameters Intensity (Saffir-Simpson scale)
Risk Boundaries Exact return periods for 75nm areas
Information None (available in other sections of NHC website)
Retrieval Method Selectable by three areas of coast (Gulf, Southeast, Northeast)
Access Link from NHC website
Coverage ????? Covers all of East and Gulf coast but only at discrete points
7
Storm Surges
Example of 1 flood heights for the French
Quarter, New Orleans
New Orleans Risk US Army Corps of Engineers New Orleans Risk US Army Corps of Engineers
Type of map Probabilistic
Parameters Height of inundation
Risk Boundaries 2/1/0.2 annual probabilities on separate maps (50/100/500 year RP)
Information None (available in other sections of New Orleans Risk website)
Retrieval Method Selectable by city area
Access Whilst this is easily available on NOR website, links should be available from more obvious sites such as Louisiana or New Orleans disaster planning sites
Coverage ???? Covers New Orleans and Plaquemines but not entire NO metro area
8
Floods
Screenshot of map showing regions of likely
flooding, extreme flooding and protected zones.
Data on specific location risk is available by
clicking on the map
Flood Map England and Wales EA Flood Map England and Wales EA
Type of map Probabilistic
Parameters No information
Risk Boundaries 1/0.5/0.1 annual chance of flooding (100/200/1000 year RP)
Information Tailored information for each flood risk category
Retrieval Method Search by postcode or browse map
Access Prominent link from Environment Agency website
Coverage ????? Covers all of England and Wales
9
Volcanoes
Extract from hazard map for Mt. Rainier,
Washington
Mt. Rainier USGS Mt. Rainier USGS
Type of map Probabilistic
Parameters Lahars, all other volcanic hazards
Risk Boundaries 1-100/100-500/500-1000 year RP, 100-1000 year RP
Information None (available on other sections of USGS volcano site)
Retrieval Method Viewed by volcano
Access Easily located from main USGS hazards page
Coverage ??? Detailed mapping only covers areas surrounding major volcanoes
10
Landslides
Extract from the IFFI GIS map. Dark green areas
are at risk from superficial landslides, Light
green areas have COLAMENTO RAPIDO, Purple
hatching represents urban development and Red
areas have experienced collapse or tipping.
Progetto IFFI ISPRA Progetto IFFI ISPRA
Type of map Probabilistic/Historical
Parameters Superficial landslides, subsidence, collapse, expansion
Risk Boundaries Only given as at risk areas
Information None
Retrieval Method By address or area
Access Theoretically easily accessed but site frequently goes down
Coverage ????? All of Italy covered CHECK THIS
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Survey of Hazard Informationin South East Asia
Key to tables
Country Major Hazards Country Major Hazards Country Major Hazards Country Major Hazards Country Major Hazards
Hazard Map Type Coverage Damaging Agents Boundaries
Hazard Information/Reporting Information/Reporting Retrieval Accessibility
Key to colours
Eq Earthquake hazard
Fl Flood hazard
Ls Landslide hazard
Tr/Ss Trop. storm and surge hazard
Ts Tsunami hazard
Vo Volcanic hazard
Perfect Very difficult to improve
Good Sufficient but minor improvements possible
Average Functional but requires some improvement
Poor Very limited requires substantial improvement
???? Approximate representation of area covered by hazard maps
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Countries included in the report
13
Bangladesh

• Cyclone Sidr, November 2007
• Casualties 3,300
• Losses US470million
• Strongest Indian Ocean cyclone ever recorded
• Caused massive storm surge devastating low land
  areas
• Would have caused 100,000 casualties had it not
  been for early evacuation

Bangladesh Eq, Fl, Tr/Ss Bangladesh Eq, Fl, Tr/Ss Bangladesh Eq, Fl, Tr/Ss Bangladesh Eq, Fl, Tr/Ss Bangladesh Eq, Fl, Tr/Ss
Earthquakes Probabilistic ????? Shaking 475 year RP
Earthquakes Local disaster action plans, road map for improvements Local disaster action plans, road map for improvements No search function Less detailed version available on DBM website
Floods Probabilistic ???? Duration, depth Combined vulnerability index
Floods Warnings and preparedness information Warnings and preparedness information No search function Not apparently available online
Tropical Storms Storm Surges Probabilistic ????? Wind risk, storm surge At risk, high/med risk
Tropical Storms Storm Surges Warnings online, other information available to public but not online Warnings online, other information available to public but not online No search function Linked from DMB website
14
Cambodia

• Severe Flooding, September-October 2000
• Casualties 350
• Losses US160million
• Large lengths of the Mekong River burst its banks
• 22 out of 24 provinces were affected
• More than 3.4million people displaced

Cambodia Fl Cambodia Fl Cambodia Fl Cambodia Fl Cambodia Fl
Floods Historical ???? Maximum historic flood At risk area
Floods Thorough warnings and preparedness info, along with forecast data Thorough warnings and preparedness info, along with forecast data Selectable by river stations No obvious website for Cambodian Disaster Management
15
Indonesia

• Earthquake, 27th May 2006
• Casualties 5,800
• Losses US3100million
• Magnitude 6.2 event some 25km South-West of
  Yogyakarta
• Despite relatively low intensity, extremely
  shallow depth meant it was very damaging
• Most casualties in the Bantul district

Indonesia Eq, Fl, Ls, Ts, Vo Indonesia Eq, Fl, Ls, Ts, Vo Indonesia Eq, Fl, Ls, Ts, Vo Indonesia Eq, Fl, Ls, Ts, Vo Indonesia Eq, Fl, Ls, Ts, Vo
Earthquakes Probabilistic ???? Ground shaking 475/2500 year RP
Earthquakes Well reported on the BMG website, some information on hazards Well reported on the BMG website, some information on hazards No search function Linked from the PVMBG website. More detailed map from USGS
Floods P/F ???? Flooding High/Medium/Low risk
Floods Forecast for up to 2 months available, information available Forecast for up to 2 months available, information available Selectable by area Maps linked from BMG website, but information harder to find
Landslides Probabilistic ???? Landslide High/Medium/Low risk
Landslides Plenty of information available on PVMBG website Plenty of information available on PVMBG website Selectable by area Linked from the PVMBG website
Tsunamis Historical ?? Damaged area -
Tsunamis Preparedness road shows/online information and early warning Preparedness road shows/online information and early warning Selectable by area Not directly available on Indonesian websites
Volcanoes Worst Case ? Debris avalanches, pyroclastic flows, lateral blasts, tephra, lahars Worst case limits, 200/300/500/700 m3/s volume flux
Volcanoes Hazard levels and information for major volcanoes is on PVMBG. Hazard levels and information for major volcanoes is on PVMBG. PVMBG information selectable by volcano PVMBG information easily available. Detailed Merabi map in a paper.
16
Lao PDR

• No major disasters have hit Lao PDR in the recent
  past

Lao PDR Fl Lao PDR Fl Lao PDR Fl Lao PDR Fl Lao PDR Fl
Floods Historical ???? Maximum historic flood At risk area
Floods Thorough warnings and preparedness info, along with forecast data Thorough warnings and preparedness info, along with forecast data Selectable by river stations DMH website provides MRC and local data
17
Malaysia

• Severe Flooding, December-January 06/07
• Casualties 118
• Losses US395million
• Caused by extremely heavy rainfall from the
  remnants of Typhoon Utor
• In some areas rainfall exceeded 10 of the total
  annual precipitation
• 400,000 people displaced and evacuated

Malaysia Fl Malaysia Fl Malaysia Fl Malaysia Fl Malaysia Fl
Floods Historical ???? Maximum historic flood At risk area
Floods Good information and warnings available on Malaysia 999 site Good information and warnings available on Malaysia 999 site Selectable by regional map plate Only a few example areas available
18
Myanmar

• Cyclone Nargis, 2nd May 2008
• Casualties Estimates range from 100,000 upwards
• Losses Estimated US4billion-10billion
• Most damage and casualties caused by storm surge
• No accurate loss/casualty figures available
• Several million left homeless

Myanmar Eq, Fl, Tr/Ss, Ts Myanmar Eq, Fl, Tr/Ss, Ts Myanmar Eq, Fl, Tr/Ss, Ts Myanmar Eq, Fl, Tr/Ss, Ts Myanmar Eq, Fl, Tr/Ss, Ts
Earthquakes Probabilistic ????? Ground shaking 475 year RP
Earthquakes Reports of significant seismic activity on DMH website. No information Reports of significant seismic activity on DMH website. No information No search function Not linked from any Myanmar government website
Floods None - - -
Floods DMH provides flood warnings. DMH provides flood warnings. - Information links on DMH website do not function
Tropical Storm Storm Surge None - - -
Tropical Storm Storm Surge DMH provides tropical storm and storm surge warnings. DMH provides tropical storm and storm surge warnings. - Information links on DMH website do not function
Tsunami None - - -
Tsunami None None - None
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The Philippines

• Typhoon Durian, 30TH November 2006
• Casualties 730
• Losses US1billion
• Heavy rainfall caused huge mudslides down flanks
  of Mayon Volcano
• Unlikely to ever determine full casualty and loss
  data as some areas buried under mud cannot be
  assessed

The Philippines Eq, Fl, Ls, Tr/Ss, Ts, Vo The Philippines Eq, Fl, Ls, Tr/Ss, Ts, Vo The Philippines Eq, Fl, Ls, Tr/Ss, Ts, Vo The Philippines Eq, Fl, Ls, Tr/Ss, Ts, Vo The Philippines Eq, Fl, Ls, Tr/Ss, Ts, Vo
Earthquakes Probabilistic ????? Ground shaking 475 year RP
Earthquakes Warnings and information on preparedness available Warnings and information on preparedness available No search function Linked from PHIVOLCS website
Floods - ?? - -
Floods Warnings issued by PAGASA Warnings issued by PAGASA Selectable by province Low resolution version available from NDCC
Landslides - ?? - -
Landslides Severe weather warnings issued by PAGASA Severe weather warnings issued by PAGASA Selectable by province Low resolution version available from NDCC
Tropical Storms Storm Surges - ?? - -
Tropical Storms Storm Surges OCD and NDCC issue storm warnings OCD and NDCC issue storm warnings Selectable by province Low resolution version available from NDCC
Tsunamis - ?? - -
Tsunamis OCD relays warnings from the NOAA PTWC OCD relays warnings from the NOAA PTWC Selectable by province Low resolution version available from NDCC
Volcanoes Probabilistic ???? Lahars, ash fall, pyroclastic and lava flows High/medium/low risk, areas at risk
Volcanoes Information on hazards and recent activity for all volcanoes Information on hazards and recent activity for all volcanoes Selectable by volcano Clear links from PIVS website
20
Singapore

• Severe Flooding, December 1978
• Casualties 7
• Losses US10million
• Caused by extremely heavy monsoon rainfall
• Several thousand residents evacuated and disrupted

Singapore Fl Singapore Fl Singapore Fl Singapore Fl Singapore Fl
Floods Probabilistic ????? Flood hazard At risk area
Floods Good information and warnings available Good information and warnings available No search function but can be viewed by road Well linked from PUB website but not from SCDF
21
Thailand

• Indian Ocean Tsunami,26th December 2004
• Casualties Estimates suggest 8,000
• Losses US1.5billion
• A tsunami, up to 30m high in some places, was
  generated by a magnitude 9.2 earthquake off the
  northern tip of Indonesia
• Worst hit were popular tourist regions along the
  Andaman Sea coastline
• Accurate casualty numbers are hard to determine
  as many bodies washed out to sea

Thailand Fl, Ts Thailand Fl, Ts Thailand Fl, Ts Thailand Fl, Ts Thailand Fl, Ts
Floods Probabilistic ???? Flood hazard High/Med/Low risk
Floods DDPM hazard training academies and online resources. DDPM hazard training academies and online resources. MRC map selectable by river regions, Chao Phraya map is not MRC map is easily available and well linked. Chao Phraya map may be linked.
Tsunamis Historical ?? Damaged area -
Tsunamis Tsunami warnings, preparedness info and evacuation routes Tsunami warnings, preparedness info and evacuation routes No search function Not directly available on Thai websites
22
Vietnam

• Severe flooding, October-December 1999
• Casualties 650
• Losses US800million
• Caused by extremely heavy rainfall from several
  storms
• 1.7million people displaced or otherwise affected
• 55,000 people left homeless

Vietnam Fl, Tr/Ss Vietnam Fl, Tr/Ss Vietnam Fl, Tr/Ss Vietnam Fl, Tr/Ss Vietnam Fl, Tr/Ss
Floods Historical ???? Flood height, maximum flood extent Central maps, north and south maps
Floods CCFSC and VRC provide information in conjunction with MRC CCFSC and VRC provide information in conjunction with MRC Selectable by area Not obviously available online
Tropical Storms Storm Surges None - - -
Tropical Storms Storm Surges CCFSC and VRC both provide education and preparedness info CCFSC and VRC both provide education and preparedness info - Warnings provided on the CCFSC website
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Provision of earthquake hazard information
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Provision of flood hazard information
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Provision of landslide hazard information
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Provision of tropical storm hazard information
27
Map of tsunami hazard information level
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Provision of volcano hazard information
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Background

• The availability of mapped high res hazard data
  underpins sustained economic development
• Informed risk management decisions need to be
  made at all levels of society from individuals,
  communities, corporations, city administrations,
  regional and national governments
• Hazard data needs to be disseminated in
  particular online
• Hazard data should be regularly updated where
  climate change is altering hazard levels or there
  is improved science
• Data also needs to be generated for indicative
  future hazard to inform long term
  planning/infrastructure decisions
• Backed by strong risk education

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Implications of the hazard information deficit

• Cyclone Nargis in May 2007 highlighted the
  implications of a situation where hazard data is
  unavailable
• No flood hazard maps in the Irrawaddy Delta
• People did not know they lived in a storm surge
  flood zone
• No evacuation plans
• No monitoring of cyclone forecasts
• As a result c 100,000 died through an
  information deficit
• Economic and health consequences will endure for
  years