STATES OF MATTER

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WUJUD ZAT
Oleh A. Sjaifullah
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Kimia adalah
Pengetahuan yang mempelajari materi dan
perubahannya
Materi adalah
Apapaun yang memiliki massa dan menempati ruang
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Teori Kinetik
Semua partikel (atoms, molekul dan ion) menyusun
materi selalu bergerak secara random dan
berinteraksi
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Wujud zat

• Cara menyusun partikel
• Energi partikel
• Interaksi/jarak antar partikel

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Karakteristik wujud zat

Sifat partikel
wujud
Proximity
Energy
gerakan
Volume
bentuk
padat
close
little
vibrational
definite
definite
cair
close
moderate
rotational
definite
indefinite
gas
far apart
a lot
translational
indefinite
indefinite
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Jika kondisi partikel (susunan, interaksi dan
energi) diubah, maka terjadi perubahan wujud
posisi partikel-partikel zat cair gas tidak
tetap, Zat cair dan gas dapat dialirkan/berdifusi
(fluida)
Perubahan wujud terjadi dalam siklus air di alam
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Sifat-sifat gas
Salah satu sifat gas adalah dapat memberikan
tekanan.
Tekanan gas terjadi akbat dari tumbukan
partikel-partikel gas dengan dinding
Tekanan yang disebabkan oleh campuran gas-gas
yang ada di udara disebut tekanan atmosfir
Tekanan adalah..
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Rasakan adanya tekanan gas!!

• Mengapa tekanan udara sangat penting?
• Adanya angin
• Menciptakan mendung dan awan

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Hubungan tekanan dan volume gas Hukum Boyle
P1V1 P2V2
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Volume and Temperature , tekanan tetap Hukum
Charles
V2
V1

T1
T2
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Korek gas, hair spray, tabung LPG akan terasa
lebih dingin jika digunakan, Karena..
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Karena partikel gas hampir tidak berinteraksi
satu sama lain, jumlah partikel (molekul) gas
hanya bisa ditentukan/diukur pada volume, tekanan
dan suhu tertentu
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Persamaan keadaan gas ideal.
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Volume molar gas pada STP
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Zat Cair
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Properties of Liquids

• Surface tension the energy required to increase
  the surface area of a liquid by a unit amount.
• Viscosity a measure of a liquids resistance to
  flow.

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Tekanan Uap Cairan
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ZAT PADAT
Karena interaksi yang kuat, posisi
partikel-partikel dalam zat padat tidak berubah
terhadap satu dengan yang lain Amorf Kristal
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Comparison Amorphous solids
Tar, molten glass, molten plastics, and molten
butter, consist of large molecules or a mixture
of molecules that cannot move readily. As the
temperature is lowered, their molecules move more
and more slowly and finally stop in random
positions. The resulting materials are called
amorphous solids or glasses. Such solids lack an
ordered internal structure. Common examples
include candle wax, butter, glass, and plastics.
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• Crystals are classified into systems based on the
  angle their bonds form.
• 7 common systems
• Isometric, Hexagonal, Tetragonal, Trigonal,
  Triclinic, Monoclinic, Orthorhombic

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What crystal system does this mineral belong to?
Why?

• Hexagonal
• 3 equilateral axes intersect at angels of 60o ,
  1 vertical axis intersect at 90o to equilateral
  axes.
• Hexa-six

Quartz
Beryl
http//www.minerals.net/glossary/glossary.htm
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What crystal system does this mineral belong to?
Why?
GYPSUM

• MONOCLINIC
• 3 unequal axes and 1 unequal intersection that is
  not at 90o
• Mono-one

http//www.minerals.net/glossary/glossary.htm
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What crystal system does this mineral belong to?
Why?
Sugar

• Isometric
• 3 axes are at right angles, all sides equal
  length.
• Iso- same

http//www.minerals.net/glossary/glossary.htm
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What crystal system does this mineral belong to?
Why?

• Tetragonal
• 3 axes are at right angels, only 2 lateral axes
  are equal length and it has 4 sides.
• Tetra-four

WULFENITE
http//www.minerals.net/glossary/glossary.htm
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What crystal system does this mineral belong to?
Why?
TANZANITE

• ORTHORHOMBIC
• 3 unequal axes all at right angles to each other
• Ortho-unequal

http//www.minerals.net/glossary/glossary.htm
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What crystal system does this mineral belong to?
Why?
Amazonite

• Trigonal
• 3 equal length axes, 3 equal intersections (not
  90o)
• Tri- three

Note Hexagonal but with 3 sides not 6
http//www.minerals.net/glossary/glossary.htm
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What crystal system does this mineral belong to?
Why?

• Triclinic
• 3 unequal axes and 3 unequal intersections not at
  90o
• Tri-three

http//www.minerals.net/glossary/glossary.htm
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Crystal Systems
System Axes Angles Unique Symmetry Diagram Example
s Isometric abc ???90 Four
3-fold Pyrite, Halite, Galena, Garnet, Diamond,
Fluorite Tetragonal ab?c ???90 One
4-fold Wulfenite, Rutile, Zircon,
Chalcopyrite Hexagonal ab?c ?120,
??90 One 6-fold Quartz, Beryl (Emerald),
Apatite, Corundum (Ruby, Sapphire) Orthorhombic
a?b?c ???90 Three 2-fold Sulfur, Barite,
Olivine, Topaz Monoclinic a?b?c ??90,
??90 One 2-fold Orthoclase, Malachite, Azurite,
Mica, Gypsum , Talc Triclinic a?b?c ??????90 No
ne Turquoise, Kyanite, Albite, Plagioclase
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Crystal Systems
System Axes Angles Unique Symmetry Diagram Example
s Isometric Tetragonal Hexagonal Ort
horhombic Monoclinic Triclinic
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STRUCTURE OF OTHER SYSTEMS
Struktur NaCl
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SOME DEFINITIONS

• Lattice 3D array of regularly spaced points
• Crystalline material atoms situated in a
  repeating 3D periodic array over large atomic
  distances
• Amorphous material material with no such order
• Hard sphere representation atoms denoted by
  hard, touching spheres
• Reduced sphere representation
• Unit cell basic building block unit (such as a
  flooring tile) that repeats in space to create
  the crystal structure it is usually a
  parallelepiped or prizm

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SIMPLE CUBIC STRUCTURE (SC)

• Cubic unit cell is 3D repeat unit
• Rare (only Po has this structure)
• Close-packed directions (directions along
  which atoms touch each other)
• are cube edges.

Coordination 6 ( nearest neighbors)
(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)
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ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR

• Fill a box with hard spheres
• Packing factor total volume of spheres in box /
  volume of box
• Question what is the maximum packing factor you
  can expect?
• In crystalline materials
• Atomic packing factor total volume of atoms in
  unit cell / volume of unit cell
• (as unit cell repeats in space)

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ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR
APF for a simple cubic structure 0.52
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BODY CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE (BCC)
Coordination 8
Adapted from Fig. 3.2, Callister 6e.
(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)
Close packed directions are cube diagonals.
--Note All atoms are identical the center atom
is shaded differently only for ease of viewing.
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ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR BCC
Adapted from Fig. 3.2, Callister 6e.
APF for a body-centered cubic structure
p?3/8 0.68
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FACE CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE (FCC)
Coordination 12
Adapted from Fig. 3.1(a), Callister 6e.
(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)
Close packed directions are face diagonals.
--Note All atoms are identical the
face-centered atoms are shaded differently
only for ease of viewing.
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ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR FCC
Adapted from Fig. 3.1(a), Callister 6e.
APF for a body-centered cubic structure
p/(3?2) 0.74 (best possible packing of
identical spheres)
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FCC STACKING SEQUENCE
FCC Unit Cell
ABCABC... Stacking Sequence
2D Projection
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HEXAGONAL CLOSE-PACKED STRUCTURE (HCP)
Ideally, c/a 1.633 for close packing However,
in most metals, c/a ratio deviates from this value
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HEXAGONAL CLOSE-PACKED STRUCTURE (HCP)
ABAB... Stacking Sequence
3D Projection
2D Projection
Adapted from Fig. 3.3, Callister 6e.
Coordination 12
APF 0.74, for ideal c/a ratio of 1.633
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STATES OF MATTER

• The Four States of Matter
• Four States
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma

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Kinetic Theory of Matter

• Matter is made up of particles which are in
  continual random motion.

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STATES OF MATTERSOLIDS

• Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating
  about a fixed position.
• Solids have a definite shape and a definite
  volume.

Heat
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STATES OF MATTERLIQUID

• Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are
  far enough apart to slide over one another.
• Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite
  volume.

Heat
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STATES OF MATTERGAS

• Particles of gases are very far apart and move
  freely.
• Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite
  volume.

Heat
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PHASE CHANGES
Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change
Solid to liquid Melting Heat goes into the solid as it melts.
Liquid to solid Freezing Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes.
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PHASE CHANGES
Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change
Liquid to gas Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes.
Gas to liquid Condensation Heat leaves the gas as it condenses.
Solid to gas Sublimation Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates.
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STATES OF MATTERPLASMA

• A plasma is an ionized gas.
• A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity
  and is affected by magnetic fields.
• Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and
  an indefinite volume.

• Plasma is the
• common state
• of matter

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STATES OF MATTER
LIQUID
PLASMA
SOLID
GAS
Tightly packed, in a regular pattern Vibrate, but
do not move from place to place
Close together with no regular arrangement. Vibrat
e, move about, and slide past each other
Well separated with no regular arrangement. Vibrat
e and move freely at high speeds
Has no definite volume or shape and is composed
of electrical charged particles
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Some places where plasmas are found
1. Flames
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2. Lightning
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3. Aurora (Northern Lights)
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The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma
state
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COLD PLASMA
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COLD PLASMA PEN