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Energy Usage: An Historical Perspective

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Title: Energy Usage: An Historical Perspective


1
Energy UsageAn Historical Perspective
Lecture 2 HNRT 228 Section 003 Energy and the
Environment
2
  • In the diagram above, a box is on a frictionless
    horizontal surface with forces F1 and F2 acting
    as shown. If the magnitude of F1 is greater than
    the magnitude of F2, then the box is
  • A. moving at constant speed in the direction of
    F1
  • B. moving at constant speed in the direction of
    F2
  • C. accelerating in the direction of F1
  • D. accelerating in the direction of F2
  • E. not moving at all.

3
  • The metric unit of a Joule (J) is a unit of
  • A. potential energy.
  • B. work.
  • C. kinetic energy.
  • D. All of the above (A, B, and C) are measured in
    Joules.
  • E. None of the above (A, B, and C) are measured
    in Joules.

4
  • Which statement is true about the concept of
    power?
  • A. Power is the distance over which work is done.
  • B. Power is the time at which energy is expended.
  • C. Power is the work done per unit time.
  • D. All of the above (A, B, and C) can be said
    about power.
  • E. None of the above (A, B, and C) is true about
    power.

5
  • The kilowatt-hour is a unit of
  • A. power.
  • B. work.
  • C. time.
  • D. area.
  • E. volume.

6
History of Energy Consumption
  • Biological Energy Sources
  • Initial energy transfer occurs through
    photosynthesis.
  • Very early in history humans began to exploit
    additional energy sources to make life more
    comfortable.
  • Human, animal labor
  • Transportation, cooking, primitive light

7
Energy use - Middle ages
  • Wind for sailing
  • Peat, charcoal, coal on ground for fires
    cooking, heat
  • Water wheels, wind mills for grain grinding
  • Animal power also
  • Candles animal fat whale oil - light

8
Increased Use of Wood
  • Early civilizations used human muscle power as
    their primary energy source.
  • Energy provided by burning wood enabled people to
    cook food, heat living areas, and develop
    primitive metallurgy.
  • Dense, rapidly growing settlements outstripped
    wood production, thus new fuel sources had to be
    utilized.
  • 1890, coal replaced wood - primary energy source

9
Fossil Fuels
  • Carboniferous period, (286-362 Mya)
  • large deposits of plants, animals, and
    microorganisms.
  • Led to the formation of fossil fuel deposits.

10
Industrial Revolution - 1875
  • Industrial Revolution - Machines replaced human
    and animal labor in the manufacture and
    transportation of goods.
  • Steam engines converting heat energy into forward
    motion was central to this transformation.
  • Countries or regions without large coal deposits
    were consequently left behind.

11
Industrial Revolution
  • Prior to the Industrial Revolution, goods were
    manufactured on a small scale in private homes
    master craftsman
  • Expanding factories larger labor pools, move
    to city
  • 200 years, energy consumption increased 8X
    Increased levels of air pollution.

12
iClicker Question
  • Fossil fuels are derived from biological material
    produced
  • A at the time of the industrial revolution
  • B about 300 million years ago
  • C about 1 million years ago
  • D about 1 billion years ago
  • E at the turn of the previous century

13
Changes in Energy Sources to 2012
Source U.S. Energy Information
Administration, AER Energy Perspectives and MER.
14
iClicker Question
  • At the turn of this century (2000) most energy
    was derived from
  • A Coal
  • B Wood
  • C Natural Gas
  • D Oil
  • E Nuclear Power

15
(No Transcript)
16
Role of The Automobile
  • Growth of automobile industry led to roadway
    construction required energy. Better roads -
    Higher speeds
  • Higher speeds - Bigger faster cars Bigger
    faster cars - Better roads
  • Convenience of two-car families - Job growth in
    automobile-related industries - Major role in
    development of industrialized nations.

17
Role of The Automobile
  • Cars altered peoples lifestyle
  • Greater Distance Travel
  • Sprawling Cities
  • Suburbs
  • Vacations

18
SOURCE U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census
Bureau, 2009 American Community Survey
(Washington, DC), table GCT0801, available
at http//www.census.gov/acs/www/ as of August
2010.
19
Source 2009 Data from American Community
Survey conducted by the US Census Bureau. Figure
developed by SAIC.
20
iClicker Question
  • From the data provided do you think people in New
    York live closer or further to their place of
    employment than those people in North Dakota?
  • A Closer
  • B Further
  • C Cannot be determined

21
Growth in the Use of Natural Gas
  • Initially, natural gas was burned as a waste
    product at oil wells.
  • Before 1940, accounted for less than 10 of
    energy consumption in United States.
  • By 1970, accounted for about 30 of energy needs.
  • In 2003 accounted for 25 of U.S. consumption.
  • Primarily used for home heating and industrial
    purposes.

22
How is Energy Used?
  • Industrialized nations use energy for
  • Residential / Commercial uses
  • Industrial uses
  • Transportation
  • Less developed countries use most energy for
    residential purposes.
  • Cooking and Heating
  • Developing countries use much of their energy to
    develop industry.

23
U.S. Consumption of Oil
24
Consumption of Energy Per Capita
25
iClicker Question
  • Oil consumption in the U.S. has always risen
    since 1970.
  • A True
  • B False

26
Residential and Commercial Energy Use
  • N. America - 16 of energy used for residential
    and commercial purposes.
  • 75 used for air conditioning and heating as well
    as water heaters.
  • India - 57 used for residential and commercial
    purposes.

27
Industrial Energy Use
  • Total amount of energy required in a countrys
    industrial sector depends on industrial processes
    in use.
  • Many countries use inefficient processes and
    could reduce energy consumption by converting to
    more efficient means.
  • Need capital investments.
  • Many less developed countries dont have the
    necessary capital.

28
Transportation Energy Uses
  • Per capita energy use for transportation is high
    in developing countries and highest in highly
    developed countries.
  • Mass Transit systems are most efficient in
    countries with a dense population.
  • Most countries heavily tax fuel, increasing the
    appeal of mass transit.

29
Per capita energy use for transportation
30
Transportation Energy Uses
  • In North America, government policies have kept
    energy costs low, thus supporting the automobile
    industry.
  • Private automobiles in N. America consume over
    40 of world gasoline production.
  • North America only accounts for 5 or world
    population.

31
Electrical Energy
  • Most electrical energy is produced as a result of
    burning fossil fuels.
  • Because electricity is easily transported and its
    uses are so varied, electricity is a major world
    energy source.
  • Industrialized nations have 20 of the worlds
    population, but use 60 of the worlds
    electricity.
  • Per capita use in N. America is 25 times greater
    than that in less-developed countries.

32
World Electrical Energy Use
Source(2012) CIA World Factbook
33
How does the US compare to others in overall
energy use?
34
The Economics and Politics of Energy Use
  • A correlation exists between energy and
    productivity.
  • Most industrial societies want to ensure a
    continuous supply of affordable energy.
  • The higher the price of energy, the more
    expensive goods and services become.
  • Subsidies help keep energy costs down.

35
Fuel Economy and Government Policy
  • Price of gasoline determined by two factors
  • Purchasing and processing crude oil.
  • Taxes
  • Taxes in the U.S. represent less than 30 of
    retail gasoline price.
  • 40 in Canada
  • 50-75 in Japan and Europe

36
Fuel Economy and Government Policy
  • Governments often charge road users to help build
    and repair roads by taxing fuel.
  • Can also discourage use via increases.
  • U.S. only raises 60 of monies needed for roads
    from fuel taxes.
  • This tends to keep fuel costs low
  • Encourages consumption

37
Gasoline Taxes and Fuel Cost
38
iClicker Question
  • Which of the following countries has the lowest
    gas taxes?
  • A France
  • B Germany
  • C Spain
  • D Japan
  • E USA

39
Political and Economic Factors
  • During the 1980s, energy costs in North America
    and Europe declined
  • less concern about energy consumption
  • 1979 - oil 40 / barrel
  • 1998 - oil 15 / barrel
  • Factors determining energy use
  • Political Stability
  • Price of Oil
  • Others?

40
The Importance of OPEC
  • Oil Producing and Exporting Countries
  • Twelve members
  • Control over 78 of worlds estimated oil
    reserves.
  • 1,000 billion barrels

41
Sources of US oil 1997 to 2012
42
Changes in World Energy Consumption
43
Energy Consumption in 2003
  • Over half of world energy consumption is by the
    25 member countries of the Organization for
    Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD).
  • Available Energy Sources
  • Oil 38
  • Natural Gas 26
  • Coal 24

44
Energy Consumption Trends
  • Energy consumption behavior of most people is
    motivated by economics rather than a desire to
    wisely use energy resources.
  • Over the past several years, world oil prices
    have been extremely volatile.
  • Oversupply
  • OPEC Actions
  • Persian Gulf War
  • Iraq War
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