Language

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Language
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Why geographers study language

• Provides the single most common variable by which
  cultural groups are identified
• Provides the main means by which learned customs
  and skills pass from one generation to the next
• Facilitates cultural diffusion of innovations
• Because languages vary spatially, they reinforce
  the sense of region and place
• Study of language called linguistic geography and
  geolinguistics by geographers

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• Language set of sounds, combination of sounds,
  and symbols used in communication
• Standard language published, widely
  distributed, and purposely taught, ex.British
  Received Pronunciation (BRP)
• Official Language the language adopted by the
  government for official business
• Isogloss a geographic boundary within which a
  particular linguistic feature occurs
• Mutual intelligibility two people can
  understand each other when speaking

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Terms used in the study of language

• Dialects variant forms of a language that have
  not lost mutual comprehension
• A speaker of English can understand the various
  dialects of the language
• A dialect is distinctive enough in vocabulary and
  pronunciation to label its speaker
• My Fair Lady, Cosby
• Soda vs. Pop chart, map
• Some 6,000 languages and many more dialects are
  spoken today

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How do you say?

• Group of 2 or more plural version of you?

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How do you say?

• Sale of unwanted household items, maybe on a Sat.
  morning?

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How do you say?

• Flying insect w/a rear section that glows?

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How do you say?

• Big clumps of dust under furniture?

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How do you say?

• Small lobster-like crustacean found in streams?

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How do you say?

• Raining while the sun is shining?

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How do you say?

• Gooey or dry matter in eyes b/c of sleep?

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How do you say?

• General term for big road you can drive fast on?

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How do you say?

• Group of 2 or more? http//www4.uwm.edu/FLL/lingui
  stics/dialect/staticmaps/q_50.html
• Sale of unwanted household items?
• http//www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/stati
  cmaps/q_58.html
• Flying insect w/a rear section that glows?
  http//www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/static
  maps/q_65.html
• Small lobster-like crustacean found in streams?
• http//www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/stati
  cmaps/q_66.html
• Big clumps of dust under furniture?
• http//www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/stati
  cmaps/q_72.html
• Raining while the sun is shining?
  http//www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/static
  maps/q_80.html
• Gooey or dry matter in eyes b/c of sleep?
  http//www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/static
  maps/q_82.html
• General term for big road you can drive fast on?
  http//www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/static
  maps/q_79.html
• http//www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/maps.h
  tml

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Aunt Ah Ant Caught Aint

Pecan PEE-can pee-Can PEE-kahn Pick Ahn
Grocery Sock Shock
Caramel Car-ml Car-ra-mel Both ways
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English dialects in the United States

• Dialects reveal a vivid geography
• American English is hardly uniform from region to
  region
• At least three major dialects, corresponding to
  major culture regions, developed in the eastern
  United States by the time of the American
  Revolution
• Northern
• Midland
• Southern

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U.S. Folk House Forms

• Fred Kniffen-3 major hearths of folk house forms
  in the US
• NE-
• saltbox, two-chimney, cape cod, front gable and
  wing
• Mid-Atlantic
• I house
• Lower Chesapeake (or Tidewater)
• one story w/steep roof and two chimneys

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Diffusion of folk housing forms
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Diffusion of folk housing forms
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English dialects in the United States

• The three subcultures expanded westward and their
  dialects spread and fragmented
• Retained much of their basic character even
  beyond the Mississippi River
• Have distinctive vocabularies and pronunciations
• Drawing dialect boundaries is often tricky

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English dialects in the United States

• Today, many regional words are becoming
  old-fashioned, but new words display regional
  variations
• The following words are all used to describe a
  controlled-access divided highway
• Freeway a California word
• Turnpike and parkway mainly northeastern and
  Midwestern words
• Thruway, expressway, and interstate

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Historical Linkages among Languages

• Indo-European language family
• Proto-Indo-European language
• Nostratic Language

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Renfrew

• http//www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00map
  links/overview/indoeuropean/indoeuropean.html

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Gimbutas - Kurgan
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Language Formation

• the origins of Sanskrit
• Language of ancient Indian religious literary
  texts
• Resembles Greek and Latin
• What accounts for similarities between different
  languages?
• Milk in 4 different languages lacte, latta,
  leche, lait
• Latin, Italian, Spanish, and French

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Which languages share a common ancestor?
Some Indo-European Shared Words
Many Indo-European languages have common words
for snow, winter, spring for dog, horse, cow,
sheep bear but not camel, lion, elephant, or
tiger for beech, oak, pine, willow, but not palm
or banyan tree.
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How do Languages Diffuse?

• human interaction
• print distribution/internet
• migration
• trade
• rise of nation-states
• colonialism

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Austronesian diffusion

• Presumed hearth in the interior of Southeast Asia
  5,000 years ago
• Initially spread southward into the Malay
  Peninsula
• Sailing and navigation was the key to
  Austronesian spread, not agriculture

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Austronesian language family

• Speakers live mainly on tropical islands
• Ranges from Madagascar, through Indonesia and the
  Pacific Islands, to Hawaii and Easter Island
• Largest single language in this family is
  Indonesian 5O million speakers
• Most widespread language is Polynesian

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Austronesian diffusion

• Geographers John Webb and Gerard Ward studied the
  prehistoric Polynesian diffusion
• Their method involved the development of a
  computer model building in data on
• Winds
• Ocean currents
• Vessel traits and capabilities
• Island visibility
• Duration of voyage, etc.
• Both drift and navigated voyages were considered

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Language Divisions

• Language Families
• Language Branches
• Language Groups
• Languages
• Dialects
• Accents

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Language Divisions for English
-- Indo-European -- Germanic -- West Germanic
-- English -- Northeastern -- Boston (Pak da
ka o-fa dere, pleese!)

• Language Families
• Language Branches
• Language Groups
• Languages
• Dialects
• Accents

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How are Languages Formed?

• Language divergence
• when a lack of spatial interaction among
  speakers of a language breaks the language into
  dialects and then new languages.
• Examples
• American English vs. British English
• Soccer/football, biscuit (cookie/scone), to table
  (wait/open to discussion)
• Icelandic vs. Norwegian

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How are Languages Formed?

• Language convergence
• when peoples with different languages have
  consistent spatial interaction and their
  languages collapse into one.
• Examples
• Situation in Balkans mix between Slavic,
  Albanian, and Greek (common when languages are
  geographically close and have a common structure)
• Borrowing from other languages
• Creoles

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Language
Group
Branch
Family
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Language families

• The Indo-European language family
• Largest most wide-spread family
• Spoken on all continents
• SubfamiliesRomance, Slavic, Germanic, Indic,
  Celtic, and Iranic
• Seven Indo-European tongues are among the top 10
  languages spoken in the world

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Indo-European Language Family (50 of World)

• Main Branches
• Germanic - Dutch, German
• Romance - Spanish, French
• Baltic-Slavic - Russian
• Indo-Iranian - Hindu, Bengali

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Germanic Branch - Icelandic
Iceland colonized by Norwegians in AD 874.
Largely unchanged because of isolation. .
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Indo-European Language Family - Germanic Branch

• West Germanic
• English (514 million)
• German (128)
• Dutch (21)
• East Germanic
• Danish (5)
• Norwegian (5)
• Swedish (9)

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Germanic Branch - English
Diffused throughout the world by hundreds of
years of British colonialism. Brought to New
World by British colonies in 1600s. Has become an
important global lingua franca.
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Development of English

• Germanic Tribes (Germany/Denmark)
• Jutes
• Angles
• Saxons
• Vikings (Norway)
• 9th - 11th Centuries
• Normans (French)
• Battle of Hastings, 1066
• French was official language for 150 years.

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Development of English - Adopted Words

• Germanic Tribes (Germany/Denmark)
• kindergarten, angst, noodle, pretzel
• Vikings (Norway)
• take, they, reindeer, window
• Normans (French)
• renaissance, mansion, village, guardian
• How the English Language Developed

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Indo-European Language Family - Romance Branch

• Like English these languages have been spread by
  Colonialism.
• Spanish (425 million)
• Portuguese (194) - most in Brazil
• French (129)
• Italian (62)
• Romanian (26)

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major language families

• Altaic language family
• Includes Turkic, Mongolic, and several other
  subgroups
• Homeland lies largely in deserts, tundras, and
  coniferous forests of northern and central Asia
• Uralic family
• Finnish and Hungarian are the two most important
  tongues
• Both have official status in their countries

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Language families

• The Afro-Asiatic family
• Has two major divisionsSemitic and Hamitic
• Semitic - Tigris-Euphrates valley westward most
  of the north half of Africa
• Large area but mostly sparsely populated deserts
• Arabic is the most widespread Semitic language
• Hebrew was a dead language used only in
  religious ceremonies

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Language families

• The Afro-Asiatic family
• Smaller number of people speak Hamitic languages
• Spoken by the Berbers of Morocco and Algeria
• Spoken in East Africa
• Originated in Asia but today only spoken in
  Africa
• Expansion of Arabic decreased the area and number
  of speakers

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Language Families of Africa
The 1,000 or more languages of
Africa are divided among five main language
families, including Austronesian languages in
Madagascar.
The Gods Must be Crazy
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Languages of Subsaharan Africa- extreme
language diversity - effects of colonialism
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Ethnicities of Africa
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major language families

• Africa south of the Sahara Desert is dominated by
  the Niger-Congo family
• Spoken by about 200 million people
• Includes Swahilithe lingua franca of East Africa

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Nigeria

• 100 million people speak more than 400 different
  languages
• Hausa 35 mil
• Yoruba 25 mil
• Ibo 20 mil
• Rest spoken by less than 1 mil

School instruction in English
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LanguageComplexity
In Nigeria ethnic conflict between southern Ibos
and western Yoruba led the government to move
the capital to a more neutral central location
(Abuja). Many other ethnic battles rage
continuously.
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Kenya

• Kenya has two official languages Swahili and
  English.
• These lingua franca facilitate communication
  among Bantu, Nilotic, and Cushitic language
  speakers.
• Swahili developed along the coast of East Africa
  where

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Kenya

• Bantu came in contact with Arabic spoken by Arab
  sea traders.
• English became important during the British
  colonial period and is still associated with high
  status.
• Jambo means hello in Swahili.

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Sino-Tibetan language family

• One of the major language families of the world
• most of China and Southeast Asia
• Han Chinese is spoken in a variety of dialects as
  a mother tongue by 836 million people
• Han serves as the official form of speech in China

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Chinese Spoken

• Languages or dialects
• Mandarin (about 850 million),
• followed by Wu (90 million),
• Min (70 million) and
• Cantonese (70 million).
• Most of these groups are mutually unintelligible,
  
• Chinese is classified as a macrolanguage with 13
  sub-languages in (Wikipedia)

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Sino-Tibetan Language Family (20)

• Branches
• Sinitic - Mandarin (1075),Cantonese (71),
• Austro-Thai (77) - Thai, Hmong
• Tibeto-Burman - Burmese (32)

Chinese languages based on 420 one syllable words
with meaning infered from context and tone.
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major language families

• Japanese/Korean language family
• Another major Asian family with nearly 200
  million speakers
• Seems to have some kinship to both the Altaic and
  Austronesian

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major language families

• Austro-Asiatic language family
• Southeast Asia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and
  spoken by some tribal people of Malaya and parts
  of India
• Has been encroached upon by Sino-Tibetan,
  Indo-European, and Austronesian

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Terms used in the study of language

• Lingua franca a language that spreads over a
  wide area where it is not the mother tongue
• A language of communication and commerce
• Swahili language has this status in much of East
  Africa

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Terms used in the study of language

• Pidgin language results when different
  linguistic groups come into contact
• Serves the purposes of commerce
• Has a small vocabulary derived from the various
  contact groups
• Official language of Papua New Guinea is a
  largely English-derived pidgin language, which
  includes Spanish, German, and Papuan words

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Key Terms
PIDGIN - a form of speech that adopts simplified
grammar and limited vocabulary from a lingua
franca, used for communication between speakers
of two different languages.
Examples include Hawaiian Pidgin and the creoles
of West Africa that resulted from the slave trade.
No eat da candy, Bruddah, it's pilau. Da thing
wen fall on da ground.
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Give us da food we need fo today an every
day.Hemmo our shame, an let us goFo all da kine
bad stuff we do to you,Jalike us guys let da
odda guys go awready,And we no stay huhu wit
demFo all da kine bad stuff dey do to us.No let
us get chance fo do bad kine stuff,But take us
outa dea, so da Bad Guy no can hurt us.Cuz you
our King.You get da real power,An you stay
awesome foeva.Dass it! Matthew 69-13 The
Lords Prayer - Taken from Da Jesus Book, a
twelve year effort by 6 linguists to translate
the New Testament into Hawaiian Pidgin, published
2001
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• Creole language
• a language that has developed a more complex
  structure and vocabulary and has become the
  native language of a group of people.

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Key Terms
CREOLE - a language that results from the mixing
of a colonizers language with an indigenous
language. Often they are pidgins.
Can you guess which colonizing language is the
base for each of the following creole examples?
New Orleans French Quarter
a. mo pe aste sa bananb. de bin alde luk dat big
tric. a waka go a wosud. olmaan i kas-im
cheke. li pote sa bay mof. ja fruher wir
bleibeng. dis smol swain i bin go fo maket
I am buying the bananathey always looked for a
big treehe walked homethe old man is cashing a
checkhe brought that for meYes at first we
remainedthis little pig went to market
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Key Terms
CREOLE - a language that results from the mixing
of a colonizers language with an indigenous
language. Often they are pidgins
Can you guess which colonizing language is the
base for each of the following creole examples?
New Orleans French Quarter
a. mo pe aste sa bananb. de bin alde luk dat big
tric. a waka go a wosud. olmaan i kas-im
cheke. li pote sa bay mof. ja fruher wir
bleibeng. dis smol swain i bin go fo maket
French based Seychelles Creole English based
Roper River Creole English based SaranEnglish
based Cape York Creole French based
GuyanaisGerman based Papua New Guinea Pidgin
German English based Cameroon Pidgin
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Key Terms
DIALECT - a regional variety of a language
distinguished by pronunciation, spelling, and
vocabulary. Social Dialects - can denote social
class and standing. Vernacular Dialects - the
common, slang, speech of a region.
Sounds Familiar - English Dialects Website
Common American Slang
MeaningIs he real or genuine? Thats
remarkable!Down by the stream (creek)freeloader
welfare dragon flydiapers
Term Is he fair dinkum? Why I declare!Down by
the crickbludger mosquito hawknappies
LocationAustraliaDeep South (U.S.)Middle
Atlantic StatesAustraliaSouth (U.S.)Britain
Brit. Colonies
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Monolingual State a country in which only one
language is spokenMultilingual State a country
in which more than one language is in
useOfficial Languageshould a multilingual
state adopt an official language?
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Language and Political Conflict
Belgium Flanders (Flemish language) Wallonia
(French language)
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Toponyms

• Classification of toponyms
• Descriptive Rocky Mtns.
• Associative Mill Valley
• Commemorative San Francisco
• Commendatory Paradise Valley
• Incidents Battle Creek
• Possession Johnson City
• Folk Culture Plains, Georgia
• Manufactured Truth or Consequences
• Mistakes Lasker, NC (named after Alaska)
• Shift Names Lancaster (England relocated to
  Penn)

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Significance of Toponym

• when people change the toponym of a place, they
  have the power to wipe out the past and call
  forth the new. (de Blij 172)
• Post-Colonial Gold Coast to Ghana
• Sea of Japan
• Post revolution Belgian Congo to Zaire
• Memorial MLK, Jr. Drive
• Commodification FedEx Field

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Language and Perception - Eskimo Words for Snow
'ice' sikko 'bare ice' tingenek 'snow (in
general)' aput 'snow (like salt) pukak 'soft
deep snow' mauja 'snowdrift' tipvigut 'soft
snow' massak 'watery snow' mangokpok 'snow
filled with water' massalerauvok 'soft snow'
akkilokipok
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Eskimo Words for Snow
West Greenlandic - 49 Words 'sea-ice' siku (in
plural drift ice) 'pack-ice/large expanses of
ice in motion' sikursuit, pl. (compacted drift
ice/ice field sikut iqimaniri) 'new ice'
sikuliaq/sikurlaaq (solid ice cover nutaaq.)
'thin ice' sikuaq (in plural thin ice floes)
'rotten (melting) ice floe' sikurluk 'iceberg'
iluliaq (ilulisap itsirnga part of iceberg
below waterline) '(piece of) fresh-water ice'
nilak 'lumps of ice stranded on the beach'
issinnirit, pl. 'glacier' (also ice forming on
objects) sirmiq (sirmirsuaq Inland Ice) 'snow
blown in (e.g. doorway)' sullarniq
'rime/hoar-frost' qaqurnak/kanirniq/kaniq 'frost
(on inner surface of e.g. window)' iluq 'icy
mist' pujurak/pujuq kanirnartuq 'hail'
nataqqurnat 'snow (on ground)' aput (aput
sisurtuq avalanche) 'slush (on ground)' aput
masannartuq 'snow in air/falling' qaniit (qanik
snowflake) 'air thick with snow' nittaalaq
(nittaallat, pl. snowflakes nittaalaq
nalliuttiqattaartuq flurries) 'hard grains of
snow' nittaalaaqqat, pl. 'feathery clumps of
falling snow' qanipalaat 'new fallen snow'
apirlaat 'snow crust' pukak 'snowy weather'
qannirsuq/nittaatsuq 'snowstorm'
pirsuq/pirsirsursuaq 'large ice floe' iluitsuq
'snowdrift' apusiniq 'ice floe' puttaaq
'hummocked ice/pressure ridges in pack ice'
maniillat/ingunirit, pl. 'drifting lump of ice'
kassuq (dirty lump of glacier-calved ice
anarluk) 'ice-foot (left adhering to shore)'
qaannuq 'icicle' kusugaq 'opening in sea ice
imarnirsaq/ammaniq (open water amidst ice
imaviaq) 'lead (navigable fissure) in sea ice'
quppaq 'rotten snow/slush on sea' qinuq 'wet snow
falling' imalik 'rotten ice with streams forming'
aakkarniq 'snow patch (on mountain, etc.)'
aputitaq 'wet snow on top of ice'
putsinniq/puvvinniq 'smooth stretch of ice'
manirak (stretch of snow-free ice quasaliaq)
'lump of old ice frozen into new ice' tuaq 'new
ice formed in crack in old ice' nutarniq 'bits of
floating' naggutit, pl. 'hard snow'
mangiggal/mangikaajaaq 'small ice floe (not large
enough to stand on)' masaaraq 'ice swelling over
partially frozen river, etc. from water seeping
up to the surface' siirsinniq 'piled-up ice-floes
frozen together' tiggunnirit 'mountain peak
sticking up through inland ice' nunataq 'calved
ice (from end of glacier)' uukkarnit 'edge of the
(sea) ice' sinaaq
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• Wasted, plastered, smashed, faced, fd up,
  inebriated, gone, drunk as , wearing beer
  goggles, intoxicated, under the influence,
  hammered, slammed, tipsy, buzzed, schwasted, out,
  sloshed, pounded, ossified, spifflicated, white
  boy wasted, white girl wasted, sloppy, warped,
  jersey wasted, slizzard, schmacked, trashed,
  trippin,

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The environment provides refuge

• Inhospitable environments offer protection and
  isolation
• Provide outnumbered linguistic groups refuge from
  aggressive neighbors
• Linguistic refuge areas
• Rugged bill and mountain areas
• Excessively cold or dry climates
• Impenetrable forests and remote islands
• Extensive marshes and swamps
• Unpleasant environments rarely attract conquerors
• Mountains tend to isolate inhabitants of one
  valley from another

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Examples of linguistic refuge areas

• Alps, Himalayas, and highlands of Mexico are
  linguistic shatter belts areas where diverse
  languages are spoken
• American Indian tongue Quechua clings to a refuge
  in the Andes Mountains of South America
• In the Rocky Mountains of northern New Mexico, an
  archaic form of Spanish survives due to isolation
  that ended in the early 1900s

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Caucasus Mountains and nearby ranges in central
Eurasia are populated by a large variety of
peoples
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Examples of linguistic refuge areas

• The Dhofar, a mountain tribe in Oman, preserve
  Hamitic speech that otherwise has vanished from
  Asia
• Tundra climates of the far north have sheltered
  certain Uralic, Altaic, and Inukitut (Eskimo)
  speakers
• On Sea Islands, off the coast of South Carolina
  and Georgia, some remnant of an African language,
  Gullah, still are spoken

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Switzerland

• Switzerland has four recognized national
  languages French, German, Italian, and Romansch.
  
• Romansch, a language of Latin origin, is spoken
  by only 1.1 of the population.
• Nevertheless, it has survived in the alpine
  linguistic refuge of the upper Rhine and Inn
  Rivers and was given official recognition in
  1938.
• four official languages, a history of peace and
  tolerance, and a political system that puts power
  in the hands of local leaders ensure peace.

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Key Terms
ISOLATED LANGUAGE - a language that is not
related to any other languages and thus not
connected to any language families. Examples
include Basque, Korean, Japanese
Basque Spain
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Language as Element of Cultural Diversity

• 6000 Languages spoken today, not including
  dialects
• 1500 Spoken in Sub-Saharan Africa alone
• 400 in New Guinea alone
• 100 in Europe
• However, this diversity is diminishing
• 2000 Threatened or Endangered Languages

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Endangered Languages

• As recently as 3,000 years ago, there were 10,000
  to 15,000 languages in the world.
• Now about 6000 left.
• Of those, 1/2 will be gone by the year 2100 and
  all but 500 of the rest will be endangered.
• More than 90 percent of the languages in
  existence today will be extinct or threatened in
  little more than a century if current trends
  continue. Think Wade Davis - Ethnocide
  Disappearing Languages

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Extinct or Endangered Languages - Cameroon (11)

BIKYA BISHUOBUNG BUSUU DULIGEY LUO NAGUMI NDAI
NGONG YENI ZUMAYA
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Extinct Languages - USA (93)
ABNAKI-PENOBSCOT ACHUMAWI AHTENA APACHE,
KIOWA APACHE, LIPAN ATAKAPA ATSUGEWI
BILOXI CADDO CAHUILLA CATAWBA
CHEHALIS, LOWER CHEROKEE CHETCO CHINOOK
CHINOOK WAWA CHITIMACHA CHUMASH
CLALLAM COEUR D'ALENE COOS COQUILLE
COWLITZ CUPEÑO EYAK FLATHEAD-KALISPEL
GALICE GROS VENTRE HAN HAWAI'I PIDGIN
SIGN LANGUAGE HOLIKACHUK HUPA IOWA-OTO
KALAPUYA KANSA KASHAYA KATO KAWAIISU
KITSAI KOYUKON LUMBEE LUSHOOTSEED
MAIDU, NORTHEAST MAIDU, NORTHWEST MAIDU,
VALLEY MANDAN MARTHA'S VINEYARD SIGN
MATTOLE MENOMINI MIAMI MIWOK MOBILIAN
MOHEGAN MONO NANTICOKE NATCHEZ
NISENAN NOOKSACK OFO OSAGE POMO
POWHATAN QUAPAW QUILEUTE QUINAULT
SALINAN SALISH SERRANO SHASTA SIUSLAW
SNOHOMISH TANAINA TILLAMOOK TOLOWA
TONKAWA TÜBATULABAL TUNICA TUSCARORA
TUTELO TUTUTNI TWANA UNAMI WAILAKI
WAMPANOAG WAPPO WASCO-WISHRAM WINTU
WIYOT WYANDOT YANA YOKUTS YUKI
YUROK

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Endangered Languages
Why are they disappearing? Globalization Migrat
ion (Urbanization) Economic Development -
Lingua Francas Media Internet (Requires
Arabic Character Set) Lingua Franca - a
language used for trade by two people who speak
different native tongues.

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Japanese
Arabic
Chinese
Greek
Farsi
Korean
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Language Identity

• Quebecois Power of Place Montreal
• Belgium -
• Israel Hebrew
• Wales

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Language and National Identity
Standard Language a language that is published,
widely distributed, and purposefully taught.
Government usually plays a big role in
standardizing a language.
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Euskera
The Basque speak the Euskera language, which is
in no way related to any other language family in
Europe. How did Euskera survive?
After WWII, Spain granted the Basque area some
autonomy.
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Know family of the circled languages