Assessment of performances of various lithium-ion chemistries for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

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Assessment of performances of various lithium-ion
chemistries for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

• Noshin Omar, Joeri Van Mierlo, Peter Van den
  Bossche

Belgian platform on electric vehicles 3
noshomar_at_vub.ac.be slide 1
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Overview

• Introduction
• Battery requirements for PHEV
• Test methodology
• Ragone plot
• Battery characteristics
• Economic and life cycle considerations
• Summary and conclusions

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Introduction

• Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles have received
  considerable attention due to
• Reduce gasoline consumption
• Decrease green house gas emissions

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Battery requirements
Requirements Unit PHEV-40
All Electric Range Miles 40
Peak Discharge Power (10 sec pulse) kW 38
Peak Charge Power (10 sec pulse) kW 25
Power Discharge Density (10 sec pulse) W/kg 320
Power Charge Density (10 sec pulse) W/kg 310
Available energy kWh 12
Total Energy Density Wh/kg 140
Calender Life Years 15
Deep Discharge Cycles (CD mode) Cycles 5000
Shallow Discharge Cycles (CS mode) Cycles 300.000
Cost /kWh 200 - 300

• Source 1. A. Pesaran, Battery Requirements
  for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Analysis
  and Rationale, EVS23, 2007,
• California, USA
• 2. P. Van den Bossche, SUBAT
  An assessment of sustainable battery technology,
  Journal of Power Sources, 2005
• 3. J. Axsen, Batteries for
  Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)Goals
  and the State of Technology circa 2008, May,
• 2008

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Test Methodology
Brand A B C D E F G H I J
Cathode LFP LFP LFP LNMC LNMC NCA LFP LFP LFP LFP
Shape Cyl. Pouch Pouch Pouch Pouch Cyl. Pouch Cyl. Pris. Pris.
Nom. capacity Ah 10 10 40 12 70 27 14 2.3 10 40
Nom. Voltage V 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3
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Ragone plot

• LNMCO based cells 126 149Wh/kg
• LFP based cells 75 118Wh/kg
• LNCA 90Wh/kg
• The situation regarding the power density is not
  clear due to the wide range
• Power density Max. Current rate,
  50 SoC, 10 sec. Pulse
  

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Energy and discharge performances
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Power performances
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Charge capabilities
  A B C D E F G H I J
Cap. Ah 10 10 40 12 70 27 14 2.3 10 40
0.33C 91.5 95.9 97.0 96.8 95.0 98.4 99.0 98.2 91.8 98.7
1C 84.3 92.6 92.0 92.1 88.5 92.0 98.3 96.5 85.9 95.9
2C 80.5 90.6 87.7 89 83.5 87.2 98.3 94.3 82.2 90.1
3C 79.7 88.7   85 83.3 78.8 98.3 86.3 73.7 79.6
5C                 69.6  
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Life cycle
LFP
NMC
NCA
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SoC determination
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Peukert and SoC
Battery Peukert Battery Peukert
A 1.012 F 0.99
B 1.014 G 1
C 1.016 H 1.002
D 1.04 I 1.016
E 1.029 J 1.43
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Summary
Battery Power density kW/kg Energy density Thermal behavior Cost /kWh Cycle life Weight Charge perf.
Battery (50 SoC), 90 Eff. Wh/kg Thermal behavior Cost /kWh Cycle life kg at 2C Ah/Ah
A 383.5 84 Stable 315 1000 100 80.5
B 520 110 Stable 296 1000 123 90.6
C 448.8 94 Stable 301 1000 177 87.7
D 600.5 126 Fairly stable 811 1200 129 89.0
E 258.4 149 Fairly stable 417 1200 237 83.5
F 480.5 90 Fairly stable 823 1000 140 87.2
G 548.4 118 Least stable 310 1000 105 98.3
H 477.1 98 Stable 300 1000 96 94.3
I 323.8 75 Fairly stable 300 1000 126 82.2
J 319.3 102 Least stable 300 1000 137 90.1
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Conclusions

• LNMC based cells
• Pro higher energy, energy efficiency, SoC
  determination
• Con thermal stability, cost
• LFP based cells
• Pro high power density, favourable thermal
  performances, cost
• Con low energy density, lower energy efficiency,
  SoC determination
• LNCA in the postive electrode
• Pro high energy efficiency, SoC determination
• Con low energy density, power density, less
  thermal performances, cost, life cycle
• Control strategy in PHEV application is a key
  issue

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Contacts

• Vrije Universiteit Brussel
• Department of Electrical Engineering
• Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel
• Belgium
• noshomar_at_vub.ac.be