METHODS OF PRODUCING POWER

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METHODS OF PRODUCING POWER
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Methods of Producing Power

• Traditional Sources
• Wind
• Water
• Steam Engine
• Internal Combustion Engine
• Mechanical Power and its Measurement

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Windmills - History

• John Smeaton - Metal (1740s)
• Edmund Lee -Automatic Fantail (1745)
• Not Used Till 1800s
• Very Little change from 1650s to 1850s
• Gears - Typically Wooden Till 1800s
• Power - 40 hp (1650s)
• Primarily Northern Europe

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Revolving Cap - Hallette (1830)
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Revolving Body - End 19th Century
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Windmills - Research

• Antoine Parent (early 1700s)
• Force on Sail Proportional to
• Velocity of Wind Squared
• Sine of Angle Wind Hits Sail Squared
• Best Angle 54 degrees
• Bernoulli, MacLaurin, dAlembert (Mid 1700s)
• Included Rotation of Sail
• Angle of Sail Varies with Rotation Speed
• Euler dAlembert (Mid 1700s)
• Shape of Sail

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Windmill - Research (continued)

• Smeaton (1750s)
• Experimental
• Torque
• Force
• Verified Findings of MacLaurin Euler
• Dutch
• Flared Sails
• Concave Shape Warped Surface
• Optimum Design Without Theory

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Smeatons Experiments (1750s)
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Windmills - 19th Century

• Metal Construction
• Panemonian Mills
• Vertical Shaft - Cone Shaped Vanes
• Less Power Longer Operation Times
• Aeolian Mills
• Horizontal or Slightly Inclined Shaft
• Metal Construction
• Variable Angle of Attack
• Delamolere - Centrifugal Governor
• Varying Angle of Attack
• Limited Speed of Rotation During High Winds

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Self-Regulating Device (1830-1840)
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Pumps - Crank Gear

• Crank Fixed to Horizontal Shaft
• Lift (Water) Force (Air) Pumps
• No Variation in Piston Displacement
• Abandoned in Favor of Gears
• La Hire Gear
• Cogwheels Crankshaft

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Metal Windmill for Pumping Water (1830)
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Wind Pump with La Hire Gear
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Pumping Mechanism with Cogwheels and Crankshaft
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Windmills - Modern History(Mid to Late 1900s)

• Lightweight Materials
• Precision Gearing
• Precision Manufacturing
• Highly Efficient Energy Conversion
• Electrical Power Generation

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Waterwheels - History

• Horizontal Wheel - Greek
• Oldest - For Speed
• Vertical Wheel - Roman
• Newer - For Power
• England Became Leader (1800s)
• John Smeaton
• Powered Pre-Steam Industry
• Types
• Undershot, Breast, Overshot

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Waterwheels - Research

• Fluid Mechanics (1600s) Hydraulics (1700s)
• Parent (Late 1600s)
• Speed of Blades is 1/3 Speed of Water
• Bernoulli (1727)
• Pressure on Blades Proportional to Relative
  Velocity between Current and Blade Squared
• Smeaton (1952 1953) Bossut
• Speed of Blades is 2/5 Speed of Water

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Waterwheels - Research

• Charles de Borda (1767)
• Speed of Blades is 1/2 Speed of Water
• Proportional to Speed of Water (Not Square)
• Other Considerations
• Diameter
• Width to Depth of Blade
• Spacing
• Angle
• Shape

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Waterwheels - History

• Undershot - Poncelet (1828)
• Curved Vanes to Reduce Power Loss
• Undershot - 30 Efficient
• Calculated Most Efficient Arrangement
• Overshot
• Required Large Gradient
• Buckets Used Instead of Blades
• Utilized Weight of Water Momentum
• Double the Efficiency of Undershot
• Breast - Sagebien
• Most Universal Design of Era

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Breast Wheel (Early 19th Century)
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Poncelets Wheel (1828)
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Wooden Overshot Wheel (Early 19th Century)
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Metal Overshot Wheel (1830s)
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Sagebiens Wheel(Middle of 19th Century)