Unit 5: 1750-1900 The Long 19th Century

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Unit 5 1750-1900The Long 19th Century
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Major Characteristics

• European dominance of long-distance trade
• Inequalities of classes due to Industrialization
• Inequalities of regions increase due to in
  imperialism
• Independence movements, revolutions

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Industrialization

• Started in England b/c agricultural revolution,
  colonies, new technology, available resources
  like coal and iron, economic and political
  stability
• Improvements in transportation- steam engine,
  railroads
• Caused problems w/ urbanization, pollution,
  working conditions, creation of middle class,
  lessening of influence of nobles, larger gap
  between wealthy/poor

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Imperialism

• Western empire building by forceful economic and
  political domination
• Reasons nationalism, new weapons, need raw
  goods, need market for goods, Social Darwinism,
  white mans burden, missionary, ethnic divisions
  in colonies

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Imperialism

• Exploration made possible by drugs preventing
  spread of disease, steam engine
• Scramble for Africa Berlin Conference
• European countries ability to claim and control
  African countries only countries not conquered
  Ethiopia and Liberia
• Lines drawn by Europeans make difficult for some
  to have enough resources and create problems of
  ethnic strife

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Imperialism

• Middle East mostly economic imperialism
• India
• British East India Company control
• Sepoy Rebellion- Indian troops revolt b/c of meat
  cartridges, force British military to come in
• Becomes British colony
• Produce cotton, other products provides good
  market b/c so many people
• Indian National Congress mostly Hindus goal to
  promote political unity and appoint more Indians
  to positions in British govt
• All-India Muslim League nationalist group for
  Muslims

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• China
• Opium Wars- British try to find something to
  trade with them so bring in opium Chinese not
  industrialized, behind in military technology
• Treaty of Nanjing 1842
• Extraterritorial rights exempt from Chinese laws
  at 5 ports
• Br. Control Hong Kong
• Open Door Policy (U.S. suggestion)
• Chinas doors be open to merchants from all
  nations
• European sphere of influence
• Japan
• Commodore Perry requests trade w/ Japan
• Japan industrializes, imperializes China Korea
  becomes colony
• Meiji Restoration enlightened rule reforms
  fashioned after West

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American Imperialism

• Monroe Doctrine U.S. declared Americas (N/S)
  not open to imperialism backed by British
• Panama Canal 1914- U.S. built, controlled so
  have easy access to both coasts
• Spanish-American War- America mad at Spanish
  involvement in Cuba we win gain Spanish
  colonies
• Economic imperialism in China, Pacific military
  bases

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Political Concepts of 19th Century

• Political Ideology
• Conservatism believe in monarchy, preserving
  traditions
• Liberalism Enlightenment principles,
  constitutions, individual rights
• Radicalism socialism, etc need radical change
• Communism
• Nationalism
• Loyalty to the nation not a ruler
• Self determination

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Social Aspects of 19th Century

• Cult of domesticity womens responsibility at
  home
• Separate spheres
• mens sphere the outside world
• womens sphere the home
• Rise of the middle class

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Revolutions

• America 1776- Enlightenment, democracy, educated
  elite, Declaration of Independence (1776)
  Articles of Confederation (1781) Constitution
  (1789)
• French, 1789- Three Estates Declaration of the
  Rights of Man and Citizen bloody/guillotine,
  radical, reject church, class hierarchies led to
  Napoleon
• Haiti, 1800s- French busy, influenced by Am and
  France, slave revolt, 1st place where ALL men
  completely equal

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Revolutions

• Mexico, 1910- church contributed, Creole elite
  uprising, civil war, create republic, eventually
  peasants able to overcome elite
• China, 1911- upset by foreign influence, series
  of minor uprisings, nationalist movement,
  republic created Last Chinese dynasty (Qing)
  ends
• Russia, 1917- civil war, communist revolution led
  by Lenin, try to quickly industrialize, spurred
  by WWI, agriculture collectivization