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The French Revolution

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The French Revolution & Napoleon Section1: On the Eve of Revolution Section 2: Creating a New France Section 3: Radical Days Section 4: The Age of Napoleon Begins – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The French Revolution


1
The French Revolution Napoleon
  • Section1 On the Eve of Revolution
  • Section 2 Creating a New France
  • Section 3 Radical Days
  • Section 4 The Age of Napoleon Begins
  • Section 5 The End of and Era

2
Section 1 On the Eve of Revolution
  • Summary
  • Social unrest, government debt, and food
    shortages contributed to the outbreak of the
    French Revolution in 1789

3
Section 1 On the Eve of Revolution
  • Since the Middle Ages, everyone in France had
    belonged to one of the three social classes,
    called Estates
  • The 1st Estate Clergy
  • The 2nd Estate Nobles
  • The 3rd Estate Peasants

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Section 1 On the Eve of Revolution
  • The 1st 2nd Estates were rich and powerful
  • They had many special privileges
  • For example, they did not have to pay taxes
  • They made up about 2 of the total population of
    France

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Section 1 On the Eve of Revolution
  • Most (98) of French people belonged to the 3rd
    Estate
  • Although they were poor, their tax burden was the
    heaviest

8
Section 1 On the Eve of Revolution
  • In 1789, France faced several crises
  • For many years the French government had been
    spending more money than it had earned
  • Bad harvests caused food prices to rise
  • Many peasants did not have enough to eat
  • In towns and in the countryside, starving people
    rioted

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Section 1 On the Eve of Revolution
  • To deal with these problems, King Louis XVI met
    with the leaders of the 3 Estates
  • Most common people wanted financial relief, but
    the elected members of the Third Estate wanted
    government reform

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Section 1 On the Eve of Revolution
  • After weeks of meetings, its leaders took a
    daring step
  • They created a new government called the National
    Assembly
  • Some reform-minded nobles and clergy joined them

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Section1 On the Eve of Revolution
  • The National Assembly promised to write a new
    constitution for France
  • However, dangerous rumors, increasing food
    shortages, and an attack on the Bastille (a
    Parisian political prison) kept the problems from
    being solved
  • A violent revolution was starting

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Section 2 Creating a New France
  • Summary
  • The National Assembly instituted political and
    social reforms in the early stages of the
    revolution

17
Section 2 Creating a New France
  • In 1789, a terrible famine occurred in France
  • Starving peasants attacked the homes of nobles

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Section 2 Creating a New France
  • Revolutionary groups took over Paris and demanded
    an end to the monarchy
  • Finally Nobles agreed to give up their special
    privileges

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Section 2 Creating a New France
  • The National Assembly began making reforms
  • They agreed to abolish feudalism
  • In 1791, the assembly finished writing a new
    constitution that used Enlightenment ideas

22
Section 2 Creating a New France
  • Under this constitution, people had natural
    rights and the government had to protect those
    rights
  • The constitution created a limited monarchy
  • The assembly also reformed French laws and
    supported trade

23
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
24
Section 2 Creating a New France
  • But when the assembly took control of the French
    Catholic Church and sold its lands to pay back
    the governments debt, the pope, clergy, and many
    peasants rejected the revolution

25
National Assembly
26
Section 2 Creating a New France
  • Other groups, however, wanted even more changes
  • Violent disagreements soon caused the downfall of
    the assembly

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Section 2 Creating a New France
  • News about the French Revolution spread across
    Europe
  • While many Europeans supported the revolution,
    rulers and nobles were afraid that revolutionary
    ideas would spread to their own countries

29
Section 2 Creating a New France
  • After the French king and his family made an
    unsuccessful attempt to flee, the king of Prussia
    promised he would fight to save the French
    monarchy

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Section 2 Creating a New France
  • In 1792, France declared war on Austria, Prussia,
    Britain, and several other European states
  • The fighting lasted for over 20 years

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Section 3 Radical Days
  • Summary
  • The French Revolution, driven by leaders
    determined to preserve and extend the revolution,
    entered a radical phrase

34
Section 3 Radical Days
  • The war with other European powers went badly for
    the French forces
  • People thought the king was helping the enemy
  • Mobs attacked the kings guards and killed nobles

35
Section 3 Radical Days
  • Radical revolutionaries, supported by Paris
    crowds, took control of the Assembly in 1792
  • These radicals ended the monarchy, made France a
    republic, and wrote another constitution
  • In 1793, they executed, or put to death, the king
    and queen for treason

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Section 3 Radical Days
  • By 1793, France was at war with most of Europe
  • Within France peasants rioted for food, and
    revolutionary groups fought against each another
  • To restore order, the new government set up the
    Committee of Public Safety, which had absolute
    power

40
Section 3 Radical Days
  • Using a new invention, called the Guillotine, the
    Committee, led by Maximilien Robespierre,
    beheaded thousands of people for treason, even
    supporters of the revolution were sometimes
    killed to set an example
  • Thousands more people were put in prison
  • This period is called the Reign of Terror

41
Section 3 Radical Days
  • By 1799, life in France had changed
  • The Monarchy and the old class system were gone
  • The government controlled the church
  • The French people began to feel proud of France
  • This feeling of pride is called Nationalism

42
Section 3 Radical Days
  • The new government continued to make important
    reforms
  • It set up school for children and organized a
    system to care for the poor
  • Slavery in the French colonies ended
  • Religious tolerance became the law

43
Section 4 The Age of Napoleon Begins
  • Summary
  • Napoleon built a large empire by annexing lands,
    making alliances, and placing family members on
    the thrones of Europe

44
Section 4 The Age of Napoleon Begins
  • When the French Revolution started, Lt. Napoleon
    Bonaparte began to earn rapid promotions
  • He led the French army in victories over Britain
    and Austria

45
Section 4 The Age of Napoleon Begins
  • A general by 1799, Napoleon helped to overthrow
    the French government
  • He organized a new government and put himself in
    charge
  • Five years later he took the title Emperor of the
    French
  • At each step of his rise of power, the French
    voted their support

46
Section 4 The Age of Napoleon Begins
  • The policies that Napoleon set up show why he was
    so popular
  • He strengthen the French government and restored
    order
  • He improved the economy and encouraged new
    industry
  • He built roads and canals and supported public
    education

47
Section 4 The Age of Napoleon Begins
  • Some of Napoleons reforms continued the spirit
    of the revolution
  • Peasants could legally keep the Church lands they
    bought
  • Careers were opened to anyone with ability

48
Section 4 The Age of Napoleon Begins
  • One of his most important reforms was a new set
    of laws called the Napoleonic Code
  • These laws included many enlightenment ideas but
    undid some reforms of the revolution

49
Section 4 The Age of Napoleon Begins
  • From 1804 to 1814, Napoleon defeated the greatest
    nations of Europe an built an empire
  • He conquered the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts
    of Italy and Germany
  • He ended the Holy Roman Empire and divided Prussia

50
Section 4 The Age of Napoleon Begins
  • Napoleon replaced the monarchs of defeated
    nations with his friends and family
  • Only Britain remained outside Napoleons empire

51
Section 4 The Age of Napoleon Begins
52
Section 5 The End of An Era
  • Summary
  • After suffering defeat, Napoleon was removed from
    power
  • European leaders restored peace and redrew the
    map of Europe

53
Section 5 The End of An Era
  • Under Napoleon, French armies spread the ideas of
    the French Revolution across Europe
  • The French overthrew European monarchs and set up
    their own governments
  • They also reduced the power of the Church and
    ended serfdom

54
Section 5 The End of An Era
  • Many Europeans welcomed the ideas of the French
    Revolution
  • However, they did not welcome the French rulers
  • Nationalism caused conquered people to reject
    French control
  • From Italy to Spain to the Netherlands, people
    rebelled against the French

55
Section 5 The End of An Era
  • The end of the empire began in 1812 when Napoleon
    invaded Russia
  • The invasion was a disaster
  • Many French soldiers died during the long Russian
    winter

56
Section 5 The End of An Era
  • The following year, an alliance of Russia,
    Britain, Austria, and Prussia defeated Napoleon
    at the town of Leipzig and forced him to live on
    an island in the Mediterranean

57
Section 5 The End of An Era
  • After the defeat of Napoleon, European leaders
    met at the Congress of Vienna
  • They hoped to create peace after 25 years of war
  • One of their goals was to return Europe to the
    way it was in 1792, before Napoleon

58
Section 5 The End of An Era
  • To accomplish this goal they gave power back to
    the monarchs of Europe
  • The leaders of Europe also took steps to create a
    balance of power
  • To prevent France from going to war again, they
    strengthened the countries around it
  • To protect the new order, European states formed
    a peacekeeping organization
  • The peace lasted 100 years

59
Section 5 The End of An Era
The Congress of Vienna
Goal Action
To prevent France from going to war again Strengthen countries around France
To return Europe to the way it was in 1792, before Napoleon Give power back to the monarchs of Europe
To protect the new system and maintain peace Create the Concert of Europe, an organization to maintain peace in Europe
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