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NATIONALISM

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Title: NATIONALISM


1
NATIONALISM
  • Most popular and dynamic ideological force in
    Europe
  • Nationalism is not inevitable
  • People are not born with feelings of national
    self-consciousness
  • Desire to be part of a community is natural but
    the object of this feeling has varied from age to
    age
  • The nation was not a fundamental and unique
    component of human society in accordance to
    divine or natural law. It was simply a form of
    social organization that people attached
    themselves to at this particular point in time

2
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM
  • Nationalism is generally restricted to a minority
    of educated and politically aware people in its
    early stages of development
  • Majority of people are only gradually affected
    over a long period of time
  • Nationalism nourished by resentment of foreign
    repression and/or exploitation in countries
    subject to foreign rule
  • But it also developed in countries not controlled
    by a foreign power. Why?

3
WHY?
  • Tremendous social and economic transformation of
    period played role
  • Migration from country to city meant cutting old
    ties, a break with familiar norms, and a loss of
    emotional security
  • Displaced people looked for new ties and
    securities, a new sense of identityand may have
    found it with nationalism
  • National governments also resorted to deliberate
    and intensive programs of indoctrination through
    education, military service, the press, etc to
    break down old regional and local loyalties

4
HISTORY, FOLKLORE, AND MUSIC
Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm
  • Theories were formulated proving that members of
    a national sprang from the same racial background
    and shared same cultural and historical
    traditions
  • Illustrated by increase in the study of history
    (with emphasis on national origins)
  • Illustrated by new interest in national folklore,
    myths, and music
  • Grimm brothers
  • Richard Wagner

Richard Wagner
5
DANGEROUS EVOLUTION OF NATIONALISM
  • Cultural nationalism was popular in early 19th
    century
  • People have unique folk spirit worthy of
    preservation
  • Gave way to political nationalism
  • To maintain national values, each nationality
    must establish itself as a sovereign state
  • Liberal nationalism (nation state was means to
    achieve constitutional representative government)
    gave way to arrogant and bigoted nationalism
    (belief in the superiority of one nationality
    over another)

6
RELIGIOUS QUALITY OF NATIONALISM
  • Many also believe that their superior nation or
    race was chosen by God or fate to fulfill a
    unique and exalted mission
  • Met the human need to feel part of a cause
    greater and more noble than oneself
  • A cause worthy of sacrifice, dedication, and
    commitment
  • Best know spokesman of this view was Guiseppe
    Mazzini

7
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
  • Tragic life
  • Not well-known in lifetime
  • Suffered complete nervous breakdown in 1889
  • Died in 1900 completely insane
  • Sister Elisabeth Forster-Nietzsche falsified his
    unpublished manuscripts after his death to make
    him appear as a champion of German nationalism
    and racism

8
NIETZSCHES THOUGHT (1)
  • Denounced German nationalism and feelings of
    racial superiority as a scabies of the heart
  • Predicted that Germans would become obsessed with
    power under Second Reich and ultimately surrender
    what was left of their culture to prophets of
    national glory
  • Predicted Hitler, Nazism, and World War II

9
NIETZSCHES THOUGHT (2)
  • Did not believe contemporary intellectuals were
    concerned with the really important questions
    concerning the importance of their work and their
    own values
  • Believed that the search for values should be the
    fundamental concern of all thoughtful human
    beings because values cannot be permanently
    defined and must be subjected to re-evaluation

10
SUPERMAN AND THE WILL TO POWER
  • Supreme value culture and the creation of
    culture
  • Superman the creative spirit whose genius
    lifts him above the common level of mankind
  • Men like Michelangelo, Goethe, Beethoven, Julius
    Caesar
  • Will to Power is primal drive of human beings
  • Basic ingredient in human creativity
  • Strongest in the Superman
  • Evidence of the possession of power is the
    ability to control it, to direct it into creative
    channels
  • Did not believe in contemporary ideas of
    progress. For him, history was not a progression
    but rather a timeless allegory with the great
    problems of mankind as its unchanging themes

11
POPULAR ART (1)
  • Mass production of art created a mass market for
    art
  • This art catered to mass taste
  • Mass taste formed by mass producers and the
    merchandise they popularized through advertising
  • Mass producers did not have well developed
    aesthetic judgment
  • Took lead from styles endorsed by government
    schools and art academies and from shops
    patronized by the aristocracy
  • Popular taste corresponded with official taste

12
POPULAR ART (2)
  • Mass produced art, household decorations,
    furniture, and clothes were cheap and vulgar
    imitations of similar items available in elite
    high fashion shops
  • Official taste was traditional and safe
  • Governments and wealthy patrons demanded art that
    could be recognized as good art and which
    showed skilled execution and polished technique.
  • Generally ignored, ridiculed and sometimes
    persecuted artists whose work did not correspond
    to these standards

13
POPULAR TASTE
  • Desire for opulence and ostentation among the
    affluent
  • Taste in painting influenced by theory of John
    Ruskin that art should be both decorative and
    morally uplifting.
  • Result
  • Generous displays of female nudity justified as
    contributing to spiritual education of audience
  • Patriotic paintings
  • Painting that told a story with a moral lesson

14
POPULAR ART
Lady Godiva
A Boy at Last
Till Death Do Us Part
15
POPULAR PRESS
  • Mass circulation newspapers and magazines had
    huge influence on popular taste
  • Mass printing techniques
  • Elimination of taxes on paper
  • Compulsory education created mass reading public
  • Specialized in crime, gossip, and sports
  • Added drama and excitement to drab daily lives
    but also reinforced and exploited popular
    passions and prejudices

16
POPULAR LITERATURE
  • Most great novels of period serialized in
    newspapers
  • Charles Dickens
  • Most novels were escapist romances and adventure
    stories
  • Heroes strong and virile
  • Heroines weak and chaste
  • Allegedly morally uplifting
  • Most popular author of period was G.W.M. Reynolds
  • The Loves of a Harem
  • The White Slave of England

17
UPSIDE
  • Popular art of the late 19th century was executed
    with a great deal of technical skill and was
    permeated with an unselfconscious exuberance
    which reflected the general optimism of the age
  • Also represents valuable material for
    establishing contact with another age

18
FUNCTIONAL ART (1)
  • Definition Products of human creativity whose
    primary purpose was functional rather than
    artistic
  • Many of the technological innovations of the era
    reveal such creative imagination and were built
    with such craftsmanship and sense of design that
    they must be considered as works of art
  • Steam and turbine engines, machined tools,
    optical equipment
  • Bridges and viaducts were the outstanding
    architectural achievements of the period

19
FUNCTIONAL ART (2)
  • Crystal Palace (London, 1851)
  • Joseph Paxton
  • Constructed of prefabricated sections of iron and
    glass
  • Eiffel Tower (Paris, 1889)
  • Gustave Eiffel
  • Built entirely of iron
  • Tallest structure in world until construction of
    Empire State Building in 1920s

20
SOME GOOD, MANY BAD
  • Some popular art of period had universal appeal
  • Novels of Dickens
  • Operas of Giuseppe Verdi
  • Did not represent break with past but carried on
    best of the past
  • Many artists who have stood the test of time were
    outside mainstream of popular culture
  • Not in revolt against society
  • Insisted on following their own artistic beliefs
  • Distinguished by their desire to experiment,
    discover new techniques, and explore new
    dimensions of human experience

21
LITERARY REALISM
  • Many artists were profoundly influenced by
    science the Realists
  • Literary Realism
  • Not really original
  • Earlier writers (Jane Austen, Stendhal, and
    Balzac) also realistic in their novels
  • Only real novelty of this new generation of
    realistic authors was their scientific emphasis

Jane Austin
22
EMILE ZOLA (1840-1902)
  • Attempted scientific analysis of society in
    multi-volume A Natural and Social History of a
    Family Under the Second Empire
  • Germinal
  • LAssomoir
  • The Earth
  • Nana
  • Ladies Paradise
  • The Human Beast

23
ZOLAS GOALS
  • Wanted to show how human conduct was determined
    by biology
  • Luckily, he was not consistent in his attitude of
    scientific detachment
  • He was a moralist with a highly developed social
    consciousness
  • Best writing came when his unscientific passions
    were aroused
  • Believed that human nature could be perfected
    when science discovered biological means to
    resolve human problems

24
GUSTAVE FLAUBERT (1821-80)
  • Madame Bovary (1857)
  • Story of adulterous wife of a small-town doctor
    who has a dreary love affair and eventually
    commits suicide
  • Book created a scandal because Flaubert refused
    to pass moral judgments on his characters
  • Believed that the duty of a writer was analyze
    and distill his observations
  • Aspired to achieve a writing style as precise as
    the language of science

25
FEDOR DOSTOEVSKY (1821-81)
  • Reacted against realist obsession with science
  • Had contempt for optimism of his age, the
    confidence in reason, and faith in the inherent
    goodness of man

26
DOSTOEVSKYS MAIN THEME
  • Central theme was the man is not good or
    reasonable but evil and that his inherently evil
    nature is only kept under control by belief in
    Christianity and fear of hell.
  • If man abandons these principles he turns into a
    monster
  • Crime and Punishment, The Brothers Karamazov, The
    Possessed
  • Employed techniques of realism but emphasized the
    subconscious and irrational in the human
    personality

27
SYMBOLISM
  • Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867)
  • Delved into the innermost nature of man and found
    evil and depravity
  • Most important for poetic craftsmanship and use
    of imagery
  • Flowers of Evil
  • Man is surrounded by a forest of familiar symbols
    which can be regarded as multiple symbols of a
    single reality
  • Symbols represent not only colors and sounds but
    also other sensations, emotions, and ideas
  • Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
  • Advocated creation of an universal, all-embracing
    work of art that combined poetry, music, drama,
    and visual arts

28
STEPHANE MALLARMÉ (1842-1898)
  • Greatest poet and theoretician of Symbolist
    Movement
  • Had deep faith in beauty and its one perfect
    expression, poetry
  • Distinguished among the various functions of
    language and argued that narration, description,
    and instruction were not the proper tasks of
    poetry
  • Proper task of poetry was evocation, allusion,
    and suggestion

29
NEW EXPRESSIONS
  • Symbolist Poets express themselves through images
    and symbols
  • Led to new ways of using words, new rhymes, new
    rhythms, new forms of punctuation, new positions
    of words on paper, etc.
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