Ontology

1

• Ontology
• From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
• In philosophy, ontology (from the Greek o?,
  genitive o?t?? of being (part. of ei?a?
• to be) and ????a science, study, theory) is the
  study of being or existence. It seeks
• to describe or posit the basic categories and
  relationships of being or existence to
• define entities and types of entities within its
  framework. Ontology can be said to
• study conceptions of reality. Some philosophers,
  notably of the Platonic school,
• contend that all nouns refer to entities. Other
  philosophers contend that some nouns
• do not name entities but provide a kind of
  shorthand way of referring to a collection
• (of either objects or events). In this latter
  view, mind, instead of referring to an entity,
• refers to a collection of mental events
  experienced by a person society refers to a
• collection of persons with some shared
  characteristics, and geometry refers to a
• collection of a specific kind of intellectual
  activity. Any ontology must give an account
• of which words refer to entities, which do not,
  why, and what categories result.
• When one applies this process to nouns such as
  electrons, energy, contract,
• happiness, time, truth, causality, and God,
  ontology becomes fundamental to many
• branches of philosophy.

2

• Philosophical Ontology
• Ontology as a branch of philosophy is the science
  of what is, of the kinds and
• structures of objects, properties, events,
  processes and relations in every area of
• reality. Ontology is often used by philosophers
  as a synonym of metaphysics (a
• label meaning literally what comes after the
  Physics), a term used by early
• students of Aristotle to refer to what Aristotle
  himself called first philosophy.
• Sometimes ontology is used in a broader sense,
  to refer to the study of what might
• exist metaphysics is then used for the study
  of which of the various alternative
• possible ontologies is in fact true of reality.
  (Ingarden 1964) The term ontology (or
• ontologia) was coined in 1613, independently, by
  two philosophers, Rudolf Göckel
• (Goclenius), in his Lexicon philosophicum and
  Jacob Lorhard (Lorhardus), in his
• Theatrum philosophicum. Its first occurrence in
  English as recorded by the OED
• appears in Baileys dictionary of 1721, which
  defines ontology as an Account of
• being in the Abstract.
• Barry Smith. Preprint version of chapter
  Ontology,  in L. Floridi (ed.), Blackwell Guide
  to the
• Philosophy of Computing and Information, Oxford
  Blackwell, 2003, 155166.
• http//ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/ontolog
  y_pic.pdf

3

• Ontology and Information Science
• In a related development, also hardly noticed by
  philosophers, the term ontology
• has gained currency in recent years in the field
  of computer and information
• science.
• The term ontology came to be used by
  information scientists to describe the
• construction of a canonical description of this
  sort. An ontology is in this context a
• dictionary of terms formulated in a canonical
  syntax and with commonly accepted
• definitions designed to yield a lexical or
  taxonomical framework for knowledge-
• representation which can be shared by different
  information systems communities.
• More ambitiously, an ontology is a formal theory
  within which not only definitions but
• also a supporting framework of axioms is included
  (perhaps the axioms themselves
• provide implicit definitions of the terms
  involved).
• Barry Smith. Preprint version of chapter
  Ontology,  in L. Floridi (ed.), Blackwell Guide
  to the
• Philosophy of Computing and Information, Oxford
  Blackwell, 2003, 155166.
• http//ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/ontolog
  y_pic.pdf

4

• Ontology (computer science)
• From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
• In both computer science and information science,
  an ontology is a data model that represents a
  domain and is used to reason about the objects in
  that domain and the relations between them.
• Ontologies are used in artificial intelligence,
  the semantic web, software engineering and
  information architecture as a form of knowledge
  representation about the world or some part of
  it. Ontologies generally describe
• Individuals the basic or "ground level" objects
• Classes sets, collections, or types of objects
• Attributes properties, features,
  characteristics, or parameters that objects can
  have and share
• Relations ways that objects can be related to
  one another

5

• According to Tom Gruber at Stanford University,
  the meaning of ontology in the context of
  computer science, however, is a description of
  the concepts and relationships that can exist for
  an agent or a community of agents. He goes on to
  specify that an ontology is generally written,
  as a set of definitions of formal vocabulary.
• http//www.ksl.stanford.edu/kst/what-is-an-ontolog
  y.html

6

• The subject of ontology is the study of the
  categories of things that exist or may exist in
  some domain. The product of such a study, called
  an ontology, is a catalog of the types of things
  that are assumed to exist in a domain of interest
  D from the perspective of a person who uses a
  language L for the purpose of talking about D.
  The types in the ontology represent the
  predicates, word senses, or concept and relation
  types of the language L when used to discuss
  topics in the domain D. An uninterpreted logic,
  such as predicate calculus, conceptual graphs, or
  KIF, is ontologically neutral. It imposes no
  constraints on the subject matter or the way the
  subject may be characterized. By itself, logic
  says nothing about anything, but the combination
  of logic with an ontology provides a language
  that can express relationships about the entities
  in the domain of interest.

7

• An informal ontology may be specified by a
  catalog of types that are either undefined or
  defined only by statements in a natural language.
  A formal ontology is specified by a collection of
  names for concept and relation types organized in
  a partial ordering by the type-subtype relation.
  Formal ontologies are further distinguished by
  the way the subtypes are distinguished from their
  supertypes an axiomatized ontology distinguishes
  subtypes by axioms and definitions stated in a
  formal language, such as logic or some
  computer-oriented notation that can be translated
  to logic a prototype-based ontology
  distinguishes subtypes by a comparison with a
  typical member or prototype for each subtype.
  Large ontologies often use a mixture of
  definitional methods formal axioms and
  definitions are used for the terms in
  mathematics, physics, and engineering and
  prototypes are used for plants, animals, and
  common household items.
• http//www.jfsowa.com/ontology/