Introduction to strain gauges and beam bending

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Introduction to strain gauges and beam bending
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Beam bending
Galileo, 1638 (though he wasnt right)
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Normal stress (s) and strain (e)
L
d
P
P
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Stress-strain
Yield stress in ordinary steel, 400 Mpa
How much can 1 x 1cm bar hold in
tension? Yield stress in ordinary Aluminum 100
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Hookes law
What is the strain just before steel yields?
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Strain gauge
6.4x4.3 mm
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Gauge factor
 
R is nominal resistance GF is gauge factor. For
ours, GF 2.1
Need a circuit to measure a small change in
resistance
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Wheatstone bridge
 

-
4
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Our setup
 
Strain gauge
Proportional to strain !
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In practice we need variable R.Why?
Strain gauge
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Beams in bending
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Beam in pure bending
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DaVinci-1493
"Of bending of the springs If a straight spring
is bent, it is necessary that its convex part
become thinner and its concave part, thicker.
This modification is pyramidal, and consequently,
there will never be a change in the middle of the
spring. You shall discover, if you consider all
of the aforementioned modifications, that by
taking part 'ab' in the middle of its length and
then bending the spring in a way that the two
parallel lines, 'a' and 'b' touch a the bottom,
the distance between the parallel lines has grown
as much at the top as it has diminished at the
bottom. Therefore, the center of its height has
become much like a balance for the sides. And the
ends of those lines draw as close at the bottom
as much as they draw away at the top. From this
you will understand why the center of the height
of the parallels never increases in 'ab' nor
diminishes in the bent spring at 'co.'
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Beam in pure bending
y0
If a straight spring is bent, it is necessary
that its convex part become thinner and its
concave part, thicker. This modification is
pyramidal, and consequently, there will never be
a change in the middle of the spring. DaVinci
1493
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Beam in pure bending
Fig 5-7, page 304
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Beam in pure bending
Lines, mn and pq remain straight due to
symmetry. Top is compressed, bottom expanded,
somewhere in between the length is unchanged!
Neutral axis
This relation is easy to prove by geometry
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Normal stress in bending
s
y
Take a slice through the beam
Neutral axis is the centroid
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Flexure formulaWill derive this in Mechanics of
Solids and Structures
y
Cross Section
h
b