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Final Exam Review

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Title: Final Exam Review


1
Final Exam Review
  • English 2 CP

wonderbackgrounds.com
2
What we Will Learn/Review
  • What we will review
  • Colon and Semi-colon usage
  • Subject-verb agreement
  • Pronoun-antecedent agreement
  • 3 types of sentence errors
  • Modifiers
  • Correcting dangling and misplaced modifiers

3
Why are colons important?
The colon is a special punctuation mark that can
serve several different purposes.
  • A colon can signal the reader to get ready for
    whats next in the sentence.

Our family has lived in many states
California, Arizona, Maine, and Texas.
The colon says, Now get ready to hear what those
states are.
4
Why are colons important?
Often there is a number in the clause preceding
the semicolon.
Grammar Gal Says...
I have three favorite ice creams chocolate,
strawberry, and vanilla.
5
Colons to mean note what follows
Use a colon before a list of items, especially
after expressions such as the following and as
follows.
In Washington, D.C., we visited three important
sites the White House, the Washington Monument,
and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.
Please bring the following supplies pencils,
paper, compasses, rulers, scissors, tape, and
protractors.
6
Colons to mean note what follows
Do not place a colon right after a verb.
Verb
Additional supplies are a toothbrush and
toothpaste, a towel, and a pillow.
Incorrect
Additional supplies are a toothbrush and
toothpaste, a towel, and a pillow.
Correct
Additional supplies are as follows a toothbrush
and toothpaste, a towel, and a pillow.
Correct
7
Colons to mean note what follows
Do not place a colon right after a preposition.
Preposition
You need to shop for brown shoelaces, a quart of
milk, and five or six carrots.
Incorrect
Correct
You need to shop for brown shoelaces, a quart of
milk, and five or six carrots.
Correct
You need to shop for the following items brown
shoelaces, a quart of milk, and five or six
carrots.
8
Why are semicolons important?

Notice that a semicolon contains both a period
and a comma. You can think of it as a blend of
the two.
A semicolon marks a pause in a sentence. It is
not quite as strong as a period, but it is
stronger than a comma.
Slight pause (comma)
Patty likes to act her sister gets stage fright.
Patty likes to act. Her sister gets stage fright.
Patty likes to act, but her sister gets stage
fright.
Medium pause (semicolon)
Strong pause (period)
9
Why are semicolons important?
Semicolons are just the right punctuation mark to
signal a medium pause and to help readers follow
your writing.
Confusing

Rain soaked the earth plants became green
fragrant flowers bloomed.
Clear
Rain soaked the earth plants became green
fragrant flowers bloomed.
End of Section
10
Semicolons between independent clauses
Use a semicolon between independent clauses if
the independent clauses
  • are closely related in meaning and
  • are not joined by and, but, for, nor, or, so, or
    yet

Ted noticed the weather he put on his raincoat.
11
Semicolons between independent clauses
Independent clause
An independent clause (or main clause) has a
subject and a verb and expresses a complete
thought. An independent clause can stand by
itself as a sentence.
Subject
Verb
Wolves howled in the distance.
Wolves howled in the distance.
Wolves howled in the distance.
Subject
Verb
The campers were not afraid.
The campers were not afraid.
The campers were not afraid.
12
Semicolons between independent clauses
Remember Use a semicolon to join independent
clauses only if the clauses are closely related.
Josh wants to go to Spain she wants to go
swimming.
Incorrect
These two clauses arent closely related.
Josh wants to go to Spain she wants to go to
France.
Josh wants to go to Spain. She wants to go
swimming.
Correct
A period is used since the two clauses are not
closely related.
These two clauses are closely related. A
semicolon can be used to join them.
13
Semicolons between independent clauses
Remember, a semicolon must be followed by an
independent clause, not a phrase. Also, the first
word in an independent clause after a semicolon
is lowercased, not capitalized.
Grammar Guy Says...
Manuel looked out at the downpour then he put on
his boots and raincoat.
Manuel looked out at the downpour put on his
boots and raincoat.
Put on his boots and raincoat doesnt have a
subject, so it is a phrase, not an independent
clause.
Now there are two independent clauses separated
by a semicolon.
14
Subject-Verb Agreement
  • Every verb must agree with its subject in person
    and in number.
  • If the subject is singular the verb must be
    singular
  • If the subject is plural the verb must be plural.

15
Examples
  • Singular
  • He takes.
  • She is friendly.
  • It was ripe.
  • He is running home.
  • She has arrived.
  • Plural
  • They take.
  • They are friendly.
  • They were ripe.
  • They are running home.
  • They have arrived.

16
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
  • An antecedent is the word or group of words to
    which a pronoun refers or that a pronoun
    replaces.
  • A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in
    number (singular/plural) and in gender
    (masculine, feminine, or neuter)
  • Edna published her book in 1962.
  • Mr. Stockwell likes his students.

17
3 Types of Sentence Errors
  • Fragment Because I went to the mall.
  • Comma splice I really like eating pizza, it
    tastes so good and cheesy.
  • Run-on We went to the movies Jared was there and
    he said that Carmen told him everything that
    Lucile said about him and I denied everything.

18
What is a sentence fragment?
Not all sentences are created equal. Look at
the following two groups of words
FRAGMENT
He practiced everyday. Determined to win.
He practiced everyday. Determined to win.
He practiced everyday. Determined to win.
He practiced everyday. Determined to win.
They both begin with a capital letter.
They both end with a period.
BUT
The second does not express a complete thought.
It is a sentence fragment.
19
What is a sentence fragment?
A sentence fragment does not have all the basic
parts of a complete sentence.
Fragments do not express a complete thought and
are missing important information.
EXAMPLES
Is a large, hairy spider.
Some tarantulas to a length of 3 1/2 inches.
Although tarantulas are often feared.
20
What is a sentence fragment?Complete sentence
A complete sentence is a group of words that
contains a subject and a verb and expresses a
complete thought.
Subject
Verb
The streets are crowded.
The streets are crowded.
The streets are crowded.
Subject
Verb
A monkey cried a warning.
A monkey cried a warning.
A monkey cried a warning.
21
What is a sentence fragment?
To identify sentence fragments, use a simple test
1. Does the group of words have a subject?
2. Does it have a verb?
3. Does it express a complete thought?
If the answer to any of these questions is no,
you have a fragment.
22
What is a sentence fragment?
Rei Noguchi offers other tests to identify
sentence fragments.
Grammar Guy Says...
Test 1 Yes-No Question
Turn the word group into the question Did
        ?
If the question makes sense, the word group is a
complete sentence. If not, then it is a fragment.
The neighbors dog howled.
Did the neighbors dog howl?
SENTENCE
Left after lunch.
Did left after lunch?
FRAGMENT
23
What is a sentence fragment?
Test 2 Frame
Grammar Guy Says...
Plug the group of words into the frame I know
that         .
If the statement makes sense, the word group is a
complete sentence. If not, then it is a fragment.
She is a friend.
I know that she is a friend.
SENTENCE
FRAGMENT
Singing a song.
I know that singing a song.
24
What is a run-on sentence?
A run-on sentence is two or more complete
sentences run together as one.
Run-on sentences can be confusing because they do
not show where one idea ends and another one
begins.
EXAMPLES
Reading is important textbooks help students
learn.
Schools today usually have books for every
student, most schools also have televisions and
computers.
25
What is a run-on sentence?
A complete sentence is a group of words that
contains a subject and a verb and expresses a
complete thought.
Subject
Verb
The weather was beautiful.
The weather was beautiful.
The weather was beautiful.
Subject
Verb
The children played in the yard.
The children played in the yard.
The children played in the yard.
26
What is a run-on sentence?
Where are the complete sentences in the examples
below?
Reading is important textbooks help students
learn.
Schools today usually have books for every
student, most schools also have televisions and
computers.
27
How to fix a run-on sentence Compound sentences
To figure out where one sentence ends and another
begins, look for changes in the topic or idea.
Grammar Guy Says...
Schools today usually have books for every
student, most schools also have televisions and
computers.
Schools today usually have books for every
student, most schools also have televisions and
computers.
The first sentence is about books in schools.
The second sentence is about televisions and
computers in schools.
28
What is a misplaced modifier?
One little word can make a big difference.
Notice how the placement of the word only changes
the meaning of the sentence.
only
only
only
On Saturdays, my brother and I watch movies on TV.



Do you watch movies, but nothing else?
Do you watch on Saturdays, but not on any other
day?
Do you have one brother and no others?
In each position, only modifies a different word.
29
What is a misplaced modifier?
A word, phrase, or clause that seems to modify
the wrong word or word group in a sentence is
called a misplaced modifier.
Misplaced modifiers are confusing.
misplaced modifier
Her dog sat as she waited for the bus patiently.
Verb
Verb
Who is sitting? The dog? The girl?
Who is waiting? The girl? The dog?
30
How to fix misplaced modifiers
Place modifying words, phrases, and clauses as
near as possible to the words they modify.
Sandra saw a birds nest.
with two eggs
Where should these two phrases be placed in this
sentence?
looking up
with two eggs.
Sandra saw a birds nest
Looking up,
Who was looking up? Sandra was.
What had two eggs? The nest did.
31
What is a dangling modifier?
A dangling modifier is a modifier that doesnt
clearly and sensibly modify another word or word
group.
?
?
?
Beginning the song again, a string broke.
Frustrated, the chord was replayed by the
guitarist.
To master the guitar, practice is needed.
Is practice mastering the guitar?
Was the chord frustrated?
Did the string begin the song again?
32
What is a dangling modifier?
Dangling modifiers often occur at the beginning
of a sentence. When a sentence begins with a
participial phrase or infinitive phrase, use
these steps to spot dangling modifiers.
Step 1 The subject of the phrase should come
right after the comma. Look at the word or word
group right after the comma.
Participial phrase
Moving carefully, the rope was held tightly.
Moving carefully, the rope was held tightly.
33
What is a dangling modifier?
Step 2 Ask yourself, Does it make sense for the
phrase to modify the word or word group after the
comma?
?
Participial phrase
Dangling modifier
Moving carefully, the rope was held tightly.
Was the rope moving carefully?
No, it doesnt make sense for moving carefully to
modify rope. Rope is not the subject of the
participial phrase.
If the sentence doesnt make sense, you probably
have a dangling modifier.
34
How to fix dangling modifiers
To fix a dangling modifier, you will need to make
the meaning logical and clear.
Strategy 1 Revise the word group that follows
the dangling modifier.
?
Dangling modifier
Lost and thirsty, the trail was a welcome sight.
Lost and thirsty, the hikers welcomed the sight
of the trail.
Was the trail lost and thirsty?
No. A logical subjectsuch as hikersneeds to
follow the comma.
Now the modifier lost and thirsty logically and
clearly modifies the subject hikers.
35
How to fix dangling modifiers
Strategy 2 Change the dangling modifier into a
clause.
?
Dangling modifier
To become a doctor, years of study are required.
If you want to become a doctor, you must study
for years.
Changing the modifier into an adverb clause and
revising the word after the comma makes the
meaning clear. Now the adverb clause explains why
you must study.
36
Credits
  • Holt, Rinehart and Winston for their online
    grammar downloads colon and semicolon usage,
    correcting fragments and run-on sentences, and
    correcting dangling and misplaced modifiers
  • Glencoe, McGraw-Hill, Writers Choice Grammar
    Workbook 10 for subject-verb and
    pronoun-antecedent agreement.
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