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THE REFORMATION

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Title: THE REFORMATION AND COUNTER-REFORMATION Author: Blue Valley Schools Last modified by: France Howell School District Created Date: 8/15/2001 2:56:02 PM – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: THE REFORMATION


1
THE REFORMATION
2
Protestant Reformation 1517-1650
  • To protest To object
  • To reform To change for the better
  • The Protestant Reformation
  • Protested practices of the Catholic Church.
  • It began as an attempt to reform the Catholic
    Church.

3
Background
  • At the beginning of the sixteenth century, the
    Catholic church had become extremely powerful,
    but very internally corrupt.
  • Between 1215 and 1545 nine church-councils are
    held with church reforms as their primary intent.
    The councils all fail to reach significant
    accord.
  • The clergy is unable to live according to church
    doctrine, and the abuse of church ceremonies and
    practices continues.
  • The Renaissance, led people question the
    authority of the church and place greater faith
    in human reason.
  • The rise of nation-states led monarchs to resent
    the power of the pope in their countries.

4
Underlying Causes of the Reformation
  • Economic restrictions such as the ban on usury,
    or the lending of money at interest, created
    opposition among members of the new middle class.
  • People resented the tithe (10 tax).
  • Corruption within the Catholic Church caused a
    crisis of faith among believers.

5
People of the Reformation
  • The Reformation movement begins in 1517 when a
    German friar named Martin Luther posts a list of
    grievances, called the Ninety-Five Theses,
    against the Roman Catholic Church.
  • Luther condemned the Catholic Church for
  • Selling indulgences
  • Nepotism
  • Its interpretation of the Bible

6
Indulgencesand Nepotism
  • Indulgences were pardons for sins that could be
    purchased.
  • It equaled paying for forgiveness.
  • NepotismThe Selling of positions of power within
    the Catholic Church.
  • Martin Luther believed that faith alone
    guaranteed salvation(afterlife).

7
Reformation and Art
  • Protestant reformers reject the use of visual
    arts in the church. Stained glass windows are
    broken, images of the saints are destroyed, and
    pipe organs are removed from churches.
  • The Catholic churches responds to this with an
    exuberant style of art and architecture called
    the baroque. The baroque is in ideological
    opposition to Protestant severity.

8
Martin Luther
  • Luther uses this opportunity to draw up a list of
    church activities for which he demands resolution
    and change.
  • This list, the Ninety-Five Theses is centered
    around a call to eliminate the sale of
    indulgences. The Church demands that he retract a
    number of his protests.
  • Luther refuses

9
Martin Luther
  • Luther is summoned to an imperial Diet in
    Augsburg in 1518. Retribution for his crime
    should have fallen rapidly, but the election of a
    new emperor, Charles V slows the justice system.
    Luther uses his time to plan a complete reform
    program for the church. His reforms include
  • 1. national, rather than Roman, control of church
    finances
  • 2. permission for the clergy to marry
  • 3. a series of sacramental reforms which reduce
    the sacraments to Baptism, a reformed Mass, and
    the Holy Eucharist.

10
Martin Luther
  • Due to the invention of the printing press,
    Luther's reforms are quickly spread through
    Europe bringing much support.
  • However, Luther is condemned as a heretic by Pope
    Leo X in the Edict of Worms. He is is forced to
    escape and live for a year in hiding, but his
    reforms have taken root.
  • The split in the Roman Church is now
    irreconcilable.
  • Ultimately, the Reformation creates a north-south
    split in Europe. In general the northern
    countries become Protestant while the south
    remains Catholic.

11
No Going Back
  • Though the Catholic Holy Roman Empire does not
    end until 1806, the German states are separated
    from the influence of Rome during the age of the
    Reformation.
  • The German princes of the north protect Luther
    from the pope and the Holy Roman emperor, while
    gaining political power by assuming many of the
    privileges once reserved for the church.
  • The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 temporarily
    reconciles the Protestant north and the Catholic
    south in the German states, and the conflict
    moves west into the monarchies of Spain and
    France.

12
Social Empowerment
  • Once the Reformation is under way the common
    people perceive it as a means of social
    empowerment. The peasant class senses the
    potential for secular, though not necessarily
    spiritual, freedoms.
  • The Peasants War, which begins in 1524, is a
    response to Luther's urgings of democratic reform
    and a reaction to an unbalanced social system.
  • Luther, initially sympathetic to the peasants, is
    eventually appalled by the war and angrily
    addresses the warring faction in a form of a
    pamphlet.
  • As the spirit of reform spreads other leaders
    appear Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland,
    French-born John Calvin who settles in Geneva,
    and John Knox who carries Calvin's teachings to
    Scotland.

13
Drawbacks to the Reformation
  • The social revolt has unfortunate consequences
    for Luther's reformation.
  • The humanist view that human beings might be
    brought to higher spirituality through education
    and innate ability, is a source of contention for
    the Reformers.
  • Instead the Reformers depend on the concept of
    man's original sin and his incontestable need for
    redemption and the Grace of God.

14
Radical Reformers
  • Luther's Protestantism has by and large
    beneficially cleaned up the church, but as time
    goes on the uglier side of the Reformation begins
    to arise.
  • Reformers more extreme than Luther begin to make
    further demands for change. Among these is a
    scholar Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland.
  • Beyond rejecting the usual differences between
    biblical teachings and church practice, Zwingli
    wants all ritual abolished. No imagery is
    acceptable, not the crucifix, the chalice of the
    holy wine, clerical vestments, or organ music.

15
John Calvin
  • Exposed to the ideas of Luther, Calvin's writing
    indicate that he had turned Protestant in 1533.
  • Calvin's ideas, rather than bringing about the
    reforms he sought, elicited a wave of
    anti-Protestant sentiment that forced him to flee
    for his own safety.
  • He setup in Geneva (Switzerland) and introduced
    his own ideas.

16
Calvinism
  • The primary aspects of Calvinism include a belief
    in interpreting the Bible word for word and a
    belief in predestination.
  • Predestination- Its already been decided if
    youre going to heaven or hell before you live
    your life.
  • Calvin despised luxury and strict rules

17
Henry VIII
  • Henry VIII decided to rid himself of his first
    wife, Catherine of Aragon, after she had failed
    to produce a male heir to the throne.
  • Henry VIII was a Roman Catholic and the head of
    this church was the pope based in Rome.
  • The Roman Catholic faith believed in marriage for
    life. It did not support divorce.

18
Henry Gets His Way
  • In the Act of Supremacy Henry makes himself head
    of the Church of England in 1533.
  • He divorced Catherine and had six wives (several
    were beheaded)
  • The new branch of the Christian Church, was
    neither Roman Catholic nor truly Protestant
  • Became known as the Anglican Church or the Church
    of England. King Henry acted essentially as its
    Pope.

19
Counter-Reformation
  • The response of the Roman Church to the
    reformers' demands is the Counter-Reformation.
    The Jesuits, founded by Ignatius of Loyola,
    aggressively lead a campaign to support Catholic
    doctrine.
  • The members of the order acting behind the scenes
    in the Catholic monarchies, exercise a strong
    influence in political spheres.
    Counter-reformation forces will uphold papal
    authority and will ensure that, canonization and
    veneration of saints remains a cornerstone of
    celebratory ritual.
  • In addition the visual grandeur of the church is
    to be encouraged and generously financed.

20
Slowing Down
  • In the second half of the 16th century the
    theological conflict becomes a political power
    struggle.
  • By the time Martin Luther dies in 1546 and John
    Calvin in 1564 the Reformation message is
    complete. The Protestant movement has split into
    a number of churches, and no more great
    Protestant reformers are to appear.
  • Ignatius of Loyola dies in 1556 and the Council
    of Trent ends in 1563, thus also bringing the
    Counter-Reformation to a theological halt.

21
Visual Arts
  • Until the invention of the printing press,
    spiritual teachings rely on mural painting,
    mosaic, and stained glass which are common in
    Catholic churches.
  • Protestant reform rejects visual imagery and
    insists upon the primacy of the word. Mass
    production of printed material means that
    religious and philosophical literature is widely
    available to individuals.
  • Despite the fact that the literature of reform is
    widespread, the peasants remains largely
    illiterate.
  • For this reason the spoken words of the preacher
    become central to the church liturgy.

22
The Aftermath
  • Before and during the years of the Reformation,
    exploration and westward colonization broaden
    horizons and help relieve pressures among the
    warring factions in Europe.
  • In spite of religious controversies the
    Reformation is a period of economic revolution,
    as mercantilism and commercial capitalism gains
    strength.
  • Science and mathematics come to influence nearly
    every aspect of life.

23
The Aftermath
  • In politics the Dutch and English retain
    constitutional, representative governments, and
    hold fast to their civil liberties.
  • France and Spain in spite of internal problems
    are guided by the strong hands of rulers such as
    Philip II (1527-1598) and Henry IV(1553-1610).

24
The Aftermath
  • 20th century Europe bears the imprint of
    Reformation. Italy, France, Ireland, Spain,
    Portugal, the south of Germany, Austria, and
    Hungary, Poland, and parts of the Balkans in
    eastern Europe, have continued to be
    predominantly Catholic.
  • The rest, Scandinavia, England Scotland,
    Switzerland, the north and east of Germany, and
    parts of eastern Europe have largely remained
    Protestant.
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