Impact of World War I

1
Impact of World War I

• AP World History
• Unit 6

2
New Forms of Violence

• Total War.
• Industrial weapons of mass-killing.
• Extreme Nationalism.
• Civilians targeted.
• Genocide.
• Turks slaughter Armenians.
• Communist Revolutions.
• Terrorism.

3
Social Consequences

• 10 million soldiers were killed.
• Over 20 million are wounded.
• Several million civilians died as a result of the
  hostilities, famine, and disease.
• The world was left with hatred, intolerance, and
  extreme nationalism.
• Womens Liberation movements strengthened
• Isolationism encouraged

4
The Spanish Influenza of 1918

• Began in the trenches of the Western Front and
  then spread when soldiers returned home.
• The greatest public health disaster of modern
  history.
• Pandemic killed between 22 and 30 million people
  worldwide.
• Twice as many people then had died during the
  actual war.
• In Spain, it killed roughly 40 percent of the
  population
• (8 million).
• Giving it the name of the Spanish Influenza.
• British colonial troops carried it to India where
  it killed 12 million.
• No disease, plague, war, famine, or natural
  disaster in world history had killed so many
  people in such a short time.

5
Armenian Genocide

• Turks attempt to exterminate all Armenian people.
• 1.5 million Armenians were killed.

6
Economic Consequences

• Total cost of the war was over 350 billion.
• How was this paid for?!?
• Heavy taxes causes lower standard of living for
  the people of Europe.
• International trade suffers.
• Nations raise the tariffs on imports and exports.
• In Russia, the Communists seize power and
  introduce a new economic system.
• Economic collapses bring on the Great Depression
  of the late 1920s and 1930s.

7
Political Consequences

• United States emerges as a world power because of
  the assumption of international responsibilities.
• 3 major European dynasties are taken out of
  power.
• Romanovs in Russia
• Hohenzollerns in Germany
• Hapsburgs in Austria-Hungary
• New states are created in central Europe.
• Some containing several different nationalities.
• especially in Poland and Czechoslovakia.
• The League of Nations is created to solve
  international problems and maintain world peace.
• Will be a failure.
• Many nations turn to military dictatorships to
  control their political problems.
• Primarily in Russia, Italy, and Germany.

8
Difficult Peace Process

• Wilsons Fourteen Points.
• Reduction of weapons.
• Peoples right to choose their own government.
• Organization of world nations to protect against
  aggression.
• Allied Goals.
• The four major countries all had different ideas
  for a peace treaty.
• France and Great Britain wanted to punish
  Germany.
• However, Great Britain did not want to weaken
  Germany.
• Italian leaders hoped to gain land.
• Disappointed that they were mostly ignored by the
  other leaders.

9
Treaty of Versailles

• Germany must accept responsibility and forced to
  pay large amounts of money.
• Weakened Germany.
• Military size limited.
• Returned conquered land to France.
• Formation of Poland.
• Global colonies given up to the Allies.
• Germanys Reaction.
• Outraged, but forced to sign the treaty.
• Economy was destroyed.
• Bitterness would affect politics for the next
  several years.

10
The Aftermath

• League of Nations.
• Organization of world governments proposed by
  Wilson.
• Established by the Treaty of Versailles.
• Main goal was to encourage cooperation and keep
  peace.
• Germany was excluded.
• United States did not join.
• Ultimately weakened the League of Nations.
• Changes in Europe.
• Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire lands were
  broken up.
• Independent nations were created.
• Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and
  Turkey.
• Other treaties signed with the defeated Central
  Powers.

11
Unrest in the Colonies

• Many colonists who fought in the war heard the
  words of the Allies leaders about the importance
  of freedom and democracy.
• After fighting for colonial rulers they expected
  rights for themselves.
• Wartime sacrifices did not win new freedoms.
• European powers split up lands controlled by
  Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Ottomans.
• Redistributed them to other colonial powers.

12
Changes in the Middle East
13
Creation of the Mandates

• Former Ottoman lands turned into mandates.
• Territories ruled by European Powers, mainly
  France and Great Britain.
• Syria and Lebanon became mandates of France.
• Palestine and Iraq became mandates of Great
  Britain.
• Created the Transjordan from the Palestine
  Mandate.
• European nations were suppose to control mandates
  until they were able to govern themselves.
• Mandates eventually became colonies.

14
The Goals of Zionism

• Movement began in1860.
• The spiritual and political renewal of the Jewish
  people in its ancestral homeland of Palestine.
• Freedom from Western anti-Semitism.
• 1st Zionist Conference in 1897.
• Creates the First Zionist Congress.
• Becomes an international Jewish organization.

15
Nationalist Movements

• Arab nationalist movements had been supported by
  the British in 1916.
• Arabs wanted to create an independent state the
  stretched from Syria to Yemen.
• Zionist movement for a Jewish state was supported
  by the British government.
• British did not fulfill nationalists hopes.
• Arabs and Jewish believed that war time promises
  were broken.

16
Palestine Mandate

• British created Jordan in1921.
• Created from eastern part of Palestine Mandate.
• Palestines population rapidly expanded.
• Tens of thousands of Jews and Arabs immigrated.
• Palestinian anger over Jewish immigration led to
  mid-1930s conflict.
• Conflict in region continues today.
• We will be covering this in more detail later in
  Unit 5.

17
Persia

• Reza Khan led overthrow of shah in1921.
• Khan became shah in1925
• Ruled as Reza Shah Pahlavi.
• Wanted to make Persia into a modern and
  independent nation.
• Sought to advance industry and improve education.
• Changed Persias name to Iran in 1935.

18
The Middle East in 1914
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The Sykes-Picot Agreement in 1916
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Balfour Declaration of 1917

• Foreign Office
• November 2nd, 1917
• Dear Lord Rothschild,
• I have much pleasure to convey to you, on
  behalf of His Majestys Government, the following
  declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist
  aspirations which has been submitted to, and
  approved by, the Cabinet.
• His Majestys Government view with favor the
  establishment in Palestine of a national home for
  the Jewish people, and will use their best
  endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this
  object, it being clearly understood that nothing
  shall be done which may prejudice the civil and
  religious rights of existing non-Jewish
  communities in Palestine, or the rights and
  political status enjoyed by Jews in any other
  country.
• I should be grateful if you would bring this
  declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist
  Federation.
• Yours sincerely,
• ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR
• British Foreign Secretary

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British Mandate in Palestine, July 1922
22
League of Nations Mandate System
23
Changes in China
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May Fourth Movement

• In 1917, China declared war on Germany.
• Hoped Allied Powers would return
  German-controlled Chinese territories
• Treaty of Versailles gave Germanys Chinese
  territories to Japan
• May 4, 1919, a group of angry students began
  strikes and protests.
• Communist Party is formed in 1921.
• Partner with Guomindangs (Kuomintang)
  nationalist movement against the warlords
  controlling China.
• We will be covering this topic in more detail
  when we discuss the Chinese Communist Revolution.

25
Changes in India
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India during WWI

• 800,000 Indians served with the British in WWI.
• Fought on Western Front and in the Middle East.
• Returned home to find sacrifices had not won them
  any new freedoms.
• Britain planned to keep firm control over India.
• Anger and unrest grew.
• Rowlatt Act
• Allowed Britain to act harshly against opposition
  in India
• British soldiers opened fire on peaceful, unarmed
  Indian demonstrators in Amritsar in April of
  1919.
• Amritsar Massacre convinced Indians they must rid
  themselves of British rulers

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Gandhis Protest

• Believed in non-violence and civil disobedience.
• The first non-violent action was boycotting
  British products in 1920.
• Stopped wearing British made clothes.
• Indians began making their own cloths.
• Protested against the British monopoly on salt in
  1930.
• Indians began producing their own salt.
• Inspired millions to resist British rule.
• Limited degree of self-rule granted in 1935.
• We will be covering this topic in more detail
  when we discuss Indias Independence Movement.

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Changes in Africa
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Nationalism in Africa

• Hundreds of thousands of Africans served in
  European armies during war.
• Tens of thousands of Africans lost their lives
  during war.
• Wartime experience increased nationalist feeling
  in Africa.
• Africans believed they earned independence
  through wartime sacrifices.
• War caused economic hardship.
• Trade with Europe dried up and European spending
  in Africa slowed.
• No Africans involved in negotiations of the
  Treaty of Versailles
• Did not grant independence.
• Transferred Germanys colonies to other countries.

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Movements towards Independence

• Pan-African Congresses.
• Several conferences beginning in 1919 to demand
  independence.
• Northern African Arabs.
• Wanted independence from the British in Egypt.
• Several protests in Egypt.
• Many Egyptians were killed by the British.
• Egypt was granted independence in February 1922.
• Nationalism movements growing.
• Egyptian independence did not start a trend.
• However, the desire for reform and independence
  was growing.
• Most of Africa remained under European control
  until the 1920s and 1930s.

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League of Nations Mandates in Africa