Nanostructures - PNPA

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Nanostructures - PNPA

• NANO51
• Foothill College

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Overview

• PNPA rubric
• Nanomaterials engineering
• Nanostructures / ontology
• Process development / optimization
• Integrative (PNPA) approach

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PNPA Rubric
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PNPA Rubric
Properties (P)
Structure property relationships gt
Fabrication property relationships gt
lt Properties determination
(N) Nanostructure
Fabrication property relationships gt
lt Nanostructure elucidation
lt Process tools / QA/QC monitoring
Processing (P)
Characterization
PLOs Program Learning Outcomes Integrated
Materials Engineering Process
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Nanostructures

• Nanocarbon
• Thin Films
• Silicon structures
• Quantum dots
• Nanoparticles

• Polymers
• Composites
• Metals and alloys
• Glasses
• Ceramics

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Nanostructures Map
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Nanofabrication Map
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Nanocarbon

• Diamond
• Diamond Like Carbon (DLC)
• Fullerenes
• Carbon nanotubes
• (SWNT, MWNT)
• Graphene
• Carbon nanospheres

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Allotropes of Carbon

• Eight allotropes of carbon a) Diamond, b)
  Graphite, c) Lonsdaleite, d) C60
  (Buckminsterfullerene or buckyball), e) C540, f)
  C70, g) Amorphous carbon, and h) single-walled
  carbon nanotube or buckytube

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Diamond Like Carbon

• Tribology applications
• CDV deposition
• Magnetic media (outer film)
• Combination of sp2 and sp3 carbon
• Raman and XRD characterization

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Diamond Like Coatings are composed of carbon,
which to a great extent possess the same
structures as diamond (sp3-configured carbon, see
fig. 2) and therefore are extremely hard.
Diamond-Like carbon film

• A Swiss industrial company developed ultra hard
  coatings (ta-C DLC) as protection against
  abrasion and contamination of surfaces.
  Advantages are hardness of gt5000HV, low friction
  coefficient of 0.1, low process temperature of
  lt100C, control of coating thickness down to a
  few nanometers. The company is looking for
  industrial partners (e.g. medical, watch,
  electronic field) to market these advantages for
  new opportunities, e.g. for surface hardening,
  protection against wear, solid lubrication.

http//www.enterprise-europe-network.ec.europa.eu/
src/matching/templates/completerec.cfm?bbs_id1632
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Carbon Nanotubes

• Graphene winding
• sp2 hybridized
• CVD, carbon arc
• Electrical conductivity, mechanical strength
• Applications in electronics

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Graphene

• A novel nanostructure
• 1-5 layers of graphite
• Can be oxidized/functionalized
• Applications in electronics
• Multiple means of preparation
• Multiple characterization tools

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Graphene Nanostructure
Extended sp2 hybridized carbon and p-p network
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Nanospheres

• Nanospheres are a novel form of carbon prepared
  from acetylene, or annealing of other forms of
  precursor carbon
• These materials can be blended as composites
  with mechanical properties
• Process tools include CVD/furnace
• Characterization tools include Raman
• Maximize sp2 bonds / graphitic nano-onion

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Thin Films

• Thin films are a family of approaches to
  nanomaterials development, integral to entire
  industries
• Evaporation, sputtering, plasma, CVD (family)
• Process tools focus on building layer or stacks
  of precisely controlled thickness/composition
• Characterization tools include surface, optical,
  X-ray, and other composition/structural tools

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Thin Film Solar on Kapton
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Thin Film Engineering
Left image Predicted efficiency versus bandgap
for thin-film photovoltaic materials for solar
spectra in space (AM0) and on the surface of the
Earth (AM1.5) at 300 K. Right image
Decomposition of single-source precursor to
produce CuInS2
http//www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/RT/RT1999/5000/5410hep
p.html
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Silicon Nanostructures

• Semiconductor properties
• Electronic, micro electromechanical applications
  (MEMS) and sensors
• Tunable bandgaps (lasers, LEDs, transistors,
  photovoltaic materials)
• Lithography and selective etch/deposition
• MEMS and functional silicon nanostructures

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Quantum Dots

• Confined quantum electronic states
• Chemically prepared, and can be grafted to
  biomolecules used as biomolecular tags
• Biosensor applications
• Process tools include chemical synthesis
• Characterization tools include a variety of
  chemical analysis coupled with electronic testing.

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Nanoparticles

• Can be carbon, ceramic, metal, etc
• Used as a filler in composite materials
• Used in energy storage (batteries)
• Biomimetic can be used in nanomedicine
• Fabrication from a variety of methods
• Characterization using SEM, AES/XPS, and
  microbeam FTIR/Raman etc

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Nanoparticles on Surfaces
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Nanoparticles on Surfaces

• A group led by Jillian Buriak has found a rapid
  and cost-effective method of forming tiny
  particles of high-purity metals on the surface of
  advanced semiconductor materials such as gallium
  arsenide. While the economic benefits alone of
  such a discovery would be good news to chip
  manufacturers, who face the problem of connecting
  increasingly tiny computer chips with macro-sized
  components, the group has taken their research a
  step further. The scientists also have learned
  how to use these nanoparticles as a bridge to
  connect the chips with organic molecules.
  Biosensors based on this development could lead
  to advances in the war on terrorism.
• "We have found a way to connect the interior of a
  computer with the biological world," said Buriak,
  associate professor of chemistry in Purdue's
  School of Science. "It is possible that this
  discovery will enable chips similar to those
  found in computers to detect biohazards such as
  bacteria, nerve gas or other chemical agents."

http//www.purdue.edu/uns/html4ever/021211.Buriak.
nanoparticle.html
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Nanoparticles

• In nanotechnology, a particle is defined as a
  small object that behaves as a whole unit in
  terms of its transport and properties.
• It is further classified according to size in
  terms of diameter, fine particles cover a range
  between 100 and 2500 nanometers, while ultrafine
  particles, on the other hand, are sized between 1
  and 100 nanometers.
• Similar to ultrafine particles, nanoparticles are
  sized between 1 and 100 nanometers. Nanoparticles
  may or may not exhibit size-related properties
  that differ significantly from those observed in
  fine particles or bulk materials.
• Although the size of most molecules would fit
  into the above outline, individual molecules are
  usually not referred to as nanoparticles.

http//www.news-medical.net/health/Nanoparticles-W
hat-are-Nanoparticles.aspx
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Nanostructured Polymers

• Extended monomer chains
• Chemical and morphological blending in matrix
  materials
• Block copolymers can be synthesized with a
  nanostructured dimension or form
• Nanopolymers are high performance materials
  used in plastics applications
• Characterization gt organic analysis tools

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Composites

• Particles, fibers, and novel nanostructures
  (nanospheres) blended/bonded in a matrix
• Usually adds mechanical strength
• Can add electrostatic properties
• Polymer blending process tools
• Organic analysis (FTIR, Raman, XRD, SEM) and
  mechanical / strength testing

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Self Assembled Composite Material

• This electron micrograph shows a self-assembled
  composite in which nanoparticles of lead sulfide
  have arranged themselves in a hexagonal grid.
  (Credit Image courtesy of DOE/Lawrence Berkeley
  National Laboratory)

http//www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/09102
2164245.htm
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Metals and Alloys

• Metals and alloys use a combination of blending
  and grain boundary engineering to achieve novel
  structure gt properties
• Nanostructured metals/alloys have applications as
  structural materials, and especially aerospace /
  automobiles
• Powder metallurgy, sintering, plasma spray
• Characterize gt SEM, TEM, AES, XRD, XRF

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Nanometal Structures
Nanotechnology.blogspot.com
http//www.plasmachem.com/nanometals.html
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Glasses

• Nanostructured glasses have areas that are glass
  and areas that are interfacial (this is
  controlled by the overall composition).
• Heat treating nanoglasses expands the interfacial
  region exponentially with temperature.
• Nanoglasses are characterized with FE-SEM, small
  angle XRD, and optical tools

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Car Glass Sealant
http//www.mountaintradinghouse.com/?page_id728
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Ceramics

• Ceramic materials optimize nanofabrication
  largely through grain boundary engineering.
• Synthesis is through powder metallurgy
• Ceramics have high temperature, wear resistance,
  and novel magnetic applications
• Characterized using FE-SEM, XRF, XRD

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Nanochemistry

• Dendrimers
• SAMs (Self Assembled Monolayers)
• Supramolecular chemistry
• Molecular Organic Materials (MOM)
• Metal Organic Framework (MOF)
• Fabricate Synthetic Organic
• Characterize GC/MS, HPLC, FTIR, NMR

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Self Assembled Monolayers
http//nimet.ufl.edu/nanomed.asp
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Bionanostructures

• Liposomes, polymers, nanoemulsions,
• Synthetic proteins / synthetic amino acids
• Synthesis gt molecular / biotechnology
• Applications gt nanomedicine, biofuels
• Characterize gt HPLC, NMR

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Bionanostructures
nanoBRICKspro synthetic smart nanomaterials
from nano to macro
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Nanomedicine

• Caption A Lodamin nanoparticle with TNP-470 (the
  drug's active ingredient) at the core, protected
  by two short polymers (PEG and PLA) that allow
  TNP-470 to be absorbed intact when taken orally.
  Once the nanoparticles (known as polymeric
  micelles) reach the tumor, they react with water
  and break down, slowly releasing the drug.
  Lodamin appears to retain TNP-470's potency and
  broad spectrum of anti-angiogenic activity, but
  with no detectable neurotoxicity and greatly
  enhanced oral availability.Credit Kristin
  Johnson, Vascular Biology Program, Children's
  Hospital Boston. Usage Restrictions Please
  credit as indicated.

http//nanotechnologytoday.blogspot.com/2008_07_01
_archive.html
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Supramolecular Structures

• Complex organic structures
• Complex synthetic mechanisms
• Host-guest chemistry / directed self assembly
  (complex solution chemistry)
• Applications in catalysis, nanomedicine, and
  green chemistry
• Characterize gt NMR, FTIR, GC/MS, HPLC

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Supramolecular Structures

• Supramolecular chemistry refers to the area of
  chemistry beyond the molecules and focuses on the
  chemical systems made up of a discrete number of
  assembled molecular subunits or components. The
  forces responsible for the spatial organization
  may vary from weak (intermolecular forces,
  electrostatic or hydrogen bonding) to strong
  (covalent bonding), provided that the degree of
  electronic coupling between the molecular
  component remains small with respect to relevant
  energy parameters of the component.78 While
  traditional chemistry focuses on the covalent
  bond, supramolecular chemistry examines the
  weaker and reversible noncovalent interactions
  between molecules.

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramolecular_chemis
try
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Supramolecular chemistry Fluorine makes a
difference Donald A. TomaliaNature Materials 2,
711 - 712 (2003)doi10.1038/nmat1004

• From top to bottom, specific chemical structures
  lead to spatial conformations, to self-assembly
  and finally to self-organization into
  supramolecular architectures. The basic dendron
  molecule used by Percec et al.2 is shown in the
  middle. On the left, the non-fluorinated dendron
  with a conical shape leads to spherical
  assemblies that self-organize in a cubic lattice.
  On the right, the crown-like shape of the partly
  fluorinated dendron gives rise to columnar
  assemblies that self-organize in a hexagonal
  liquid-crystalline lattice.

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PNPA Integrative Approach
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Summary

• Key nanostructures, novel properties
• PNPA rubric gt integrated nanomaterials
  engineering, by integrating
• fabrication gt structure gt properties with
  characterize gt structure gt properties

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References

• ObservatoryNANO
• Science Daily
• Wikipedia
• Nanobricks
• MEMSnet