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Parts of Speech 101

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Title: Parts of Speech 101


1
Parts of Speech 101
  • Nouns, pronouns, verbs, articles and adjectives

2
Throughout this slide, the parts of speech are
color-coded.
  • Nouns are red, pronouns pink, verbs green (for
    go!) and articles are blue and adjectives are
    purple.
  • This color-coding scheme will be used throughout
    the year. ?

3
Nouns
  • Most people take it for granted that everyone
    knows what a noun is.
  • It is a person, place, thing or idea. They are
    generally the subjects of sentences
  • María went to the store. (store is also a noun,
    but it isnt the subject)

4
  • Try and identify the nouns in the following
    sentences you should find a total of 17 words
    that are nouns. (Remember a first last name
    one noun, 2 words ? )

5
  • - Late last year our neighbors bought a car.
  • - Luciano Pavarotti was an opera singer.
  • - The bus inspector looked at all the
    passengers passes.
  • - According to Miss Bernard and the ACTFL,
    Spanish is valuable and fun!
  • - Freedom is the mortar of a good life.

6
  • - Late last year our neighbors bought a car.
  • - Luciano Pavarotti was an opera singer.
  • - The bus inspector looked at all the
    passengers passes.
  • - According to Miss Bernard and the ACTFL,
    Spanish is valuable and fun!
  • - Freedom is the mortar of a good life.

7
Noun Gender
  • Many common nouns, like doctor" or "teacher,"
    can refer to men or women. Once upon a time, many
    English nouns would change depending on
    their gender -- for example, a man was called an
    "author" while a woman was called an "authoress"
    -- but this use of gender-specific nouns in
    English is very rare today. Those that are still
    used occasionally tend to refer to occupational
    categories, as in the following sentences.
  • Denzel Washington is a very prominent actor.
  • Bette Davis was at the height of her career as an
    actress in the 1940s and 50s.
  • The manager was trying to write a want ad, but he
    couldn't decide whether he was advertising for a
    "waiter" or a "waitress"

8
Noun Gender
  • In Spanish, all nouns have gender. This gender
    has nothing to do with it being a boy or girl or
    the perceived masculinity or femininity of the
    noun.
  • It is typical of Romance languages (French,
    Italian, Portugese, Romanian). They are called
    romance languages because they descended from
    Latin or the Romanic (Roman) language.

9
Noun Gender
  • corbata feminine tie
  • mano feminine hand
  • vestido masculine dress
  • agua masculine water
  • -- You will notice that the gender of the noun
    has nothing to do with the thing itself. Dress,
    which you might guess would be feminine, isnt-
    tie which you might think is masculine, isnt. It
    has to do with the etymology of the word.
    (Etymology is where the word came from- what
    language it is originally descended from.)

10
Noun Gender
  • In general, (there are many exceptions) if a
    noun ends in anything other than the letter a
    it is masculine.
  • Usually if it ends in a it is feminine.
  • Masculine Feminine
  • lápiz - pencil mesa - table
  • cuaderno - notebook mochila - backpack
  • reloj - clock cara - face
  • bolígrafo - pen pluma - pen

11
Noun Plurals
  • Most nouns in English change their form to
    indicate number by adding "-s" or "-es"
  • She had one truth teaching.
  • Many people do not believe that truths are
    self-evident.
  • As they walked through the house, they were
    startled by an echo.
  • I like to shout into the Grand Canyon and listen
    to the echoes that return.
  • He tripped over a box left in the hallway.
  • Since we are moving, we will need many boxes.

12
  • One box
  • Two boxes
  • One ox
  • Two oxes? nope oxen
  • One goose
  • Two geese
  • One moose
  • Two meese? nope moose

13
  • One mouse
  • Two mice
  • One house
  • Two hice? Nope houses
  • One man
  • Two men
  • One pan
  • Two pen? Nope pans

14
  • One foot
  • Two feet
  • One boot
  • Two beet? Nope boots
  • One tooth
  • Two teeth
  • One booth
  • Two beeth? Nope booths
  • One knife?
  • Two knifes? Nope knives

15
Plurals in Spanish
  • Like English, most of the time you make a noun
    plural by adding s
  • mesas - tables
  • manos - hands
  • bolígrafos pens
  • aguas - waters

16
Plurals in Spanish
  • Like English, there are exceptions. ?
  • The main exception is just to remember if it ends
    in a consonant (anything other than a vowel
    a,e,i,o,u) to add es
  • ratón - ratones
  • corazón corazones
  • lápiz - lápices

17
Intentalo!
  • In the following sentences, underline the nouns
  • If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
    get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
    You never really understand a person until you
    consider things from his point of view... Until
    you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
    it. 
  • Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
    sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
    our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
    watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

18
Intentalo!
  • In the following sentences, underline the nouns
  • If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
    get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
    You never really understand a person until you
    consider things from his point of view... Until
    you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
    it. 
  • Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
    sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
    our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
    watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

19
Articles
  • An article is basically a way to determine which
    one or how many of a noun.
  • Please give me a cookie.
  • Which cookie? A cookie or any of them.
  • This can also mean one cookie.
  • Please give me the cookie.
  • Which cookie? The cookie a specific one of
    them.
  • In English there are basically 3 articles
  • A
  • An
  • The

20
Articles
  • Articles in Spanish are HUGELY important!
  • They actually tell you definitively if the noun
    is masculine or feminine.
  • The first 4 types to start are
  • el masculine singular
  • los masculine plural
  • la feminine singular
  • las feminine plural

21
  • So here are some nouns in Spanish, try and add
    the correct article based on the last letter of
    the word. Remember, anything other than a on
    the end is usually masculine. ?
  • SINGULAR PLURAL
  • papel el papel los papeles
  • silla
  • cuaderno
  • carpeta
  • regla
  • sombrero
  • zapato
  • camisa
  • el masculine singular
  • los masculine plural
  • la feminine singular
  • las feminine plural

22
  • So here are some nouns in Spanish, try and add
    the correct article based on the last letter of
    the word. Remember, anything other than a on
    the end is usually masculine. ?
  • SINGULAR PLURAL
  • papel el papel los papeles
  • silla la silla las sillas
  • cuaderno el cuaderno los cuadernos
  • carpeta la carpeta las carpetas
  • regla la regla las reglas
  • sombrero el sombrero los sombreros
  • zapato el zapato los zapatos
  • camisa la camisa las camisas
  • el masculine singular
  • los masculine plural
  • la feminine singular
  • las feminine plural

23
Articles
  • Articles help you when words dont follow the
    rules!
  • la mano - the hand
  • la foto - the photo
  • el día - the day
  • el agua - the water

24
Intentalo!
  • In the following sentences, underline the
    articles
  • If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
    get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
    You never really understand a person until you
    consider things from his point of view... Until
    you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
    it. 
  • Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
    sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
    our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
    watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

25
Intentalo!
  • In the following sentences, underline the
    articles
  • If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
    get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
    You never really understand a person until you
    consider things from his point of view... Until
    you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
    it. 
  • Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
    sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
    our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
    watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

26
Pronouns
  • Pronouns simply take the place of a noun.
  • They can be used to avoid repetition where the
    specific noun has already been stated.
  • Verónica likes to sing. She is really good at it!
    She was at Karaoke the other night and she sang
    my favorite song!
  • OR
  • Verónica likes to sing. Verónica is really good
    at it. Verónica was at Karaoke the other night
    and Verónica sang my favorite song.

27
Pronouns
  • Personal Pronouns in English are pretty simple
  • SINGULAR PLURAL
  • I 1st person we
  • you 2nd person you
  • he / she 3rd person they

28
Pronouns
  • Personal Pronouns in Spanish are similar
  • SINGULAR PLURAL
  • yo (I) 1st person nosotros (we)
  • tú (you) 2nd person vosotros (you-
    Spain)
  • él (he) /ella (she) 3rd person ellos/as
    (they)

29
Intentalo!
  • In the following sentences, underline the
    pronouns
  • If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
    get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
    You never really understand a person until you
    consider things from his point of view... Until
    you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
    it. 
  • Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
    sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
    our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
    watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

30
Intentalo!
  • In the following sentences, underline the
    pronouns
  • If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
    get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
    You never really understand a person until you
    consider things from his point of view... Until
    you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
    it. 
  • Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
    sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
    our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
    watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

31
Verbs
  • The verb is a very important part of the sentence
    because it says something about the subject and
    expresses actions, events or a state of being
    regarding the subject.
  • The verb or compound verb is the critical element
    of the predicate of a sentence.
  • The predicate is pretty much the entire sentence
    after you locate the subject.
  • On the next slide, try and locate the verbs and
    compound verbs.

32
  • Dracula bites his victims on the neck.
  • Frankenstein was a monster.
  • Education can be fun!
  • She had been to Europe with her Spanish class.

33
  • Dracula bites his victims on the neck.
  • Frankenstein was a monster.
  • Education can be fun!
  • She had been to Europe with her Spanish class.

34
Infinitives
  • The most basic form of a verb is an infinitive
    usually the first entry in a dictionary. It
    hasnt been conjugated, in other words, you dont
    know who the subject is yet.
  • Examples to be, to do, to run, to walk, to
    think, to describe, to talk, etc.
  • In English, infinitives are usually proceeded by
    the word to indicating that no subject has been
    chosen.
  • When you conjugate a verb, you have chosen a
    subject and change the verb from (for example) to
    be into I am, she is, they are, etc.

35
Conjugation of verbs
  • Examples
  • Dracula to bite his victims on the neck. wrong
    ?
  • Dracula bites his victims on the neck. - CORRECT
  • So, if you wouldnt say, Dracula to bite his
    victims on the neck. then why the change to
    bites?
  • Because, when you conjugate a verb, you change
    the verb to match the subject that it refers to.
    It kinda makes sense when you think about it. If
    the verb tells you what the subject is doing,
    they have to agree with each other.
  • Example
  • She are very smart. ?
  • She is very smart. ?

36
Conjugation of verbs
  • Some bad examples
  • I is very smart.
  • You is a good friend.
  • He am a nice guy.
  • She are in my class.
  • We is doing okay now.
  • They is annoying.
  • On a piece of paper, fix the verb in these
    sentences. ?

37
Conjugation of verbs
  • Fixed examples
  • I am very smart.
  • You are a good friend.
  • He is a nice guy.
  • She is in my class.
  • We are doing okay now.
  • They are annoying.

38
Infinitives in Spanish
  • The infinitives also are easy to spot and there
    are only 3 TYPES! Instead of to in the front,
    they ALL end in either
  • AR
  • ER
  • IR
  • Examples Hablar to talk/to speak
  • Comer - to eat
  • Escribir to write

39
Verbs in Spanish
  • Just like in English, they have to agree with the
    subject.
  • Unlike English, when you conjugate them, there is
    actually a common rule for each type of verb.
  • For example, to conjugate the verb hablar (to
    talk/speak) you take off the last 2 letters
    leaving the stem of the verb- the verb
    doesnt flower until you conjugate it! ?
  • After you are left with the stem , add the
    endings in this order
  • yo habl o nosotros habl amos
  • tú habl as vosotros habl áis
  • él/ella habl a ellos/as habl an

40
Conjugating
  • So for all regular ar verbs, you can conjugate
    any of them! Just follow these steps
  • Remove the last 2 letters of the infinitive to
    get the stem
  • Decide who is the subject (I, you, he, we, the
    class, Miss Bernard, etc.)
  • Add the ending for that person
  • SINGULAR PLURAL
  • O 1st person AMOS
  • AS 2nd person ÁIS
  • A 3rd person AN

41
Conjugating
42
Intentalo!
  • Try it with this verb
  • Cantar (to sing) stem cant
  • SINGULAR PLURAL
  • yo cant ___ nosotros cant ____
  • tú cant ___ vostoros cant ____
  • él/ella cant ____ ellos/as cant ____

43
Vamos a ver
  • Lets see how you did with this verb
  • Cant-AR (to sing)
  • yo canto nosotros cantamos
  • tú cantas vostoros cantáis
  • él/ella canta ellos/as cantan
  • Nice job making the verb flower

44
Verbs in Spanish
  • Just like in English, verbs have to agree with
    the subject.
  • Unlike English, the ending of the conjugated
    verb will actually tell you who is speaking! (how
    cool!)
  • To see what I mean, look at the next slide in
    English

45
  • SINGULAR PLURAL
  • I talk 1st person we talk
  • you talk 2nd person you talk
  • he/she talks 3rd person they talk
  • - So if you take away the pronoun, can you tell
    who is the subject? NO.
  • Talk every day. (Sounds like a command, right?)
    I might have meant that WE talk every day or that
    I talk every day. See what I mean? ?

46
  • SINGULAR PLURAL
  • yo hablo nosotros hablamos
  • tú hablas vosotros habláis
  • él habla /ella habla ellos hablan
  • In Spanish, many times (not always) the pronoun
    is optional.
  • Hablas mucho! (You talk a lot!)
  • Tú hablas mucho! (You talk a lot!)
  • They mean exactly the same thing. You can add
    the pronoun for emphasis, but either way, its
    understood from the ending (as) that YOU or
    tú is the subject no one else could be.
  • You cant say Yo hablas it is kind of like
    saying I speaks.

47
Intentalo!
  • In the following sentences, underline the verbs
  • If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
    get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
    You never really understand a person until you
    consider things from his point of view... Until
    you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
    it. 
  • Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
    sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
    our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
    watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

48
Intentalo!
  • In the following sentences, underline the verbs
  • If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
    get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
    You never really understand a person until you
    consider things from his point of view... Until
    you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
    it. 
  • Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
    sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
    our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
    watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

49
Adjectives
  • An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by
    describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An
    adjective usually precedes the noun or the
    pronoun which it modifies.
  • In the following examples, the highlighted words
    are adjectives
  • The truck-shaped balloon floated over the
    treetops.
  • Mrs. Morrison papered her kitchen walls
    with hideous wall paper.
  • The small boat foundered on the dark sea.
  • The coal mines are dark and dank.
  • Many stores have already begun to
    play irritating Christmas music.
  • A battered music box sat on the mahogany sideboard
    .
  • The back room was filled with large, yellow rain
    boots.

50
Adjectives
  • As you can tell from the previous examples,
    adjectives are not always words like big, red,
    curly, tall, dark, small, etc. They can come from
    nouns that are used to modify other nouns, like
    kitchen walls. What kind of walls? kitchen walls.
    By itself, kitchen is normally a noun, but
    combined with another noun, it becomes the
    modifier and an adjective. ?

51
Adjectives
  • In Spanish, adjectives have to agree in number
    and gender with the noun they are modifying.
  • For instance, if I want to write that I have
    short hair, I have to make sure the adjective
    agrees with the noun hair being masculine
    (pelo) and singular.
  • I have short hair. Tengo pelo corto.
  • You may notice that the adjective is placed after
    the noun in Spanish. This is almost always the
    case.

52
Adjectives
  • There is a lot to learn with adjectives and we
    will go into more depth later in the course. For
    now, it is enough that you know they modify nouns
    and that they agree in gender and number when in
    Spanish. ?

53
Intentalo!
  • In the following sentences, underline the
    adjectives
  • If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
    get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
    You never really understand a person until you
    consider things from his point of view... Until
    you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
    it. 
  • Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
    sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
    our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
    watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

54
Intentalo!
  • In the following sentences, underline the
    adjectives
  • If you just learn a single trick, Scout, you'll
    get along a lot better with all kinds of folks.
    You never really understand a person until you
    consider things from his point of view... Until
    you climb inside of his skin and walk around in
    it. 
  • Neighbors bring food with death, and flowers with
    sickness, and little things in between. Boo was
    our neighbor. He gave us two soap dolls, a broken
    watch and chain, a knife, and our lives. 

55
No se preocupen!
  • Dont worry!
  • I know we have covered a lot this week about
    grammar in English and Spanish, but it will pay
    dividends if you paid attention, took notes and
    refer back to this slide show throughout the year
    on the website. ?

This slide show is not intended to diagnose,
treat, cure or prevent any disease, lol! Just
kidding but its not intended as a comprehensive
overview, just a start. ?
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