Introduction to Biometrics

1
Introduction to Biometrics

• Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham
• The University of Texas at Dallas
• Lecture 15
• Biometrics Applications - II
• October 19, 2005

2
Outline

• Overview
• Citizen Facing Applications
• Employee Facing Applications

3
References

• Course Text Book, Chapter 11, Chapter 12

4
Groups of Applications

• Citizen Facing Applications
• E.g., Criminal identification
• Employee Facing Applications
• PC/Network access, Physical access
• Customer-facing applications
• POS Transactions

5
Citizen Facing Applications

• A Government body (state, federal agency)
  provides authentication an enforces compliances
  with the systems match decisions
• Examples, law enforcement, benefits disbursement,
  obtaining drivers license
• Large scale systems enrolling thousand of people
• Three aspects
• Criminal identification
• Citizen identification
• Surveillance

6
Criminal Identification

• Use of biometrics technologies to
• identify or verify the identity of a suspect,
  detainee
• Law enforcement applications

7
Current Trends and Directions

• Current Trends
• Automated fingerprint searches against local,
  state and national databases
• Automated processing of mug shots
• Directions
• Internet-based fingerprint and image databases
• DNA-based solutions

8
DNA Biometrics

• Proving that a suspect's DNA matches a sample
  left at the scene of a crime requires two things
  Creating a DNA profile using basic molecular
  biology protocols Crunching numbers and applying
  the principles of population genetics to prove a
  match mathematically
• Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes containing
  the DNA blueprint that encodes all the materials
  needed to make up your body as well as the
  instructions for how to run it. One member of
  each chromosomal pair comes from your mother, and
  the other is contributed by your father.
• Every cell in your body contains a copy of this
  DNA While the majority of DNA doesn't differ
  from human to human, some 3 million base pairs of
  DNA (about 0.10 percent of your entire genome)
  vary from person to person.
• The key to DNA evidence lies in comparing the DNA
  left at the scene of a crime with a suspect's DNA
  in these chromosomal regions that do differ.

9
Related Technologies

• AFIS technology with live scan devices most
  commonly used
• Facial scan
• Confidence is not high

10
Biometrics Solution Matrix

• How urgent is the authentication problem that
  biometrics are solving
• What is the scope of the authentication problem
  that biometrics are solving
• How well can biometrics solve the authentication
  problem?
• Are biometrics the only possible authentication
  solution?
• How receptive are users to biometrics as an
  authentication solution

11
Factors considered in the Matrix

• Exclusivity
• Biometrics is the only technology for large scale
  applications
• Effectiveness
• High level of accuracy
• Receptiveness
• Little resistance
• Urgency
• Rapid searches needed
• Scope
• Limited usually to law enforcement

12
Cost and Deployment Issues

• Hardware
• Convert ink-based cards to electronic fingerprint
  cards
• Fingerprint matching
• Facial scan
• Deployment, integration, maintenance

13
Citizen Identification

• Use of biometrics to identify/verify individuals
  when interacting with government agencies
• Card issuance
• Voting
• Immigration
• Social services

14
Current Trends and Directions

• Current Trends
• Voting and Voter Registration
• Government benefits
• Immigration
• Drivers license
• Background checks
• Directions
• Multifunction cards with information including
  employment, medical, citizenship status

15
Related Technologies

• AFIS, Face scan and Finger scan used most often
• Mostly government section applications

16
Factors

• Exclusivity
• Biometrics is the only technology for many of the
  functions
• Effectiveness
• High level of accuracy
• Receptiveness
• Need consent
• Urgency
• Not as pressing as criminal identification
• Scope
• Wide range of applications

17
Cost and Deployment Issues

• Logistics of enrollment
• Difficult to enroll millions of people
• Scalability
• Need to work for numerous people
• Response times
• Delays will cause backlog
• Error rates
• Must be within acceptable range
• Legacy systems
• Need to integrate new systems with existing
  systems
• Privacy
• Need privacy enhanced systems

18
Surveillance

• Identify or verify the identity of a person in a
  specified area
• Complement/Replace authentication methods such as
  manual monitoring

19
Current Trends and Directions

• Current Trends
• Deployed in casinos, policy applications,
  Matching through surveillance cameras
• Directions
• Counterterrorism, More widespread use

20
Related Technologies

• Facial scan is the main technology
• Voice scan may be used for conversation monitoring

21
Factors

• Exclusivity
• Biometrics is the only technology for
  surveillance monitoring
• Effectiveness
• Deterrence is the main benefit
• Receptiveness
• After 9/11 more acceptance
• Urgency
• 9/11 has changed the urgency
• Scope
• Widespread use is possible

22
Cost and Deployment Issues

• Companies can get income from licensing
• Can use existing hardware, especially for facial
  scan
• Need quality enrollment
• May need manual intervention to make absolutely
  certain
• Deference only if the person is aware being
  monitored

23
Employee Facing Applications

• Institution (public or private) provides
  authentication an enforces compliances with the
  systems match decisions
• Usually a closed system within a department
• Two aspects
• PC/Network access
• Physical access, time attendance

24
PC/Network Access

• Use of biometrics to identify/verify access to a
  PC or network resources
• Usually intended to complement/replace
  passwords/PINs

25
Current Trends and Directions

• Current Trends
• Access to sensitive files
• Used in products such as Windows NT, Novell ,
  Solaris
• Middleware-based solutions
• Directions
• Smartcard, PKI together with Biometrics
• More widespread use
• Keystroke dynamics

26
Related Technologies

• Finger scan and middleware technologies
• Facial scan and vice scan are also being
  investigated

27
Factors

• Exclusivity
• Biometrics not the only solution. Passwords still
  being used
• Effectiveness
• Fairly low error rates
• Receptiveness
• General receptive due to increased security
• Urgency
• Urgent due to risks involved with passwords
  mechanism
• Scope
• Will affect nearly every individual due to PC
  access

28
Cost and Deployment Issues

• Cost depends on number of users and machines used
• Enrollment issues
• Are users mobile?
• Remote resource access
• What happens if users are falsely rejected?
• Educating the user about the system
• Establishing security levels

29
Physical Access/Time and Attendance

• Identify/verify individual entering the building
• Complements/replaces current authentication
  schemes

30
Current Trends and Directions

• Current Trends
• Control access to secure areas
• Time/attendance record keeping
• Directions
• Integrating biometric technologies with human
  resources applications

31
Related Technologies

• Hand scan and finger scan are commonly used
• Iris scan and retina scan have also been deployed

32
Factors

• Exclusivity
• Biometrics not the only solution. Badges, tokens
  also used
• Effectiveness
• Rapid response problem
• Receptiveness
• More receptive to physical access than
  time/attendance
• Urgency
• Air travel after 9/11
• Scope
• Potential for widespread use

33
Cost Issues

• Cost mostly for hardware and integration
• Need to have a good understanding of the current
  access system, fallback procedures in case of
  false rejection
• PIN, passwords etc.