Heifer Raising

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Heifer Raising

• Lecture 11
• ANS 336
• 2/21/01

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Once A Day Feeding - Milk

• Reduces labor?
• Reduces scours
• Promotes faster rumen development
• When a calf drinks milk it forms a curd in the
  fourth stomach then takes approximately 3-4 hours
  to totally leave
• Milk replacer forms a harder curd and it takes 18
  hours to leave the fourth stomach.
• If fed twice daily - new milk is mixed with the
  previous curd

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Once A Day

• Acid content of the stomach is the main weapon
  against bacteria
• If pH is gt than 4.2 bacteria such as E.Coli will
  survive and grow. Below 4.2 the bacteria is
  physically killed.
• Normal pH of the fourth stomach is 2.
• When milk is drank the pH rises to 6 and takes up
  to 3 hours to drop below 4.2.
• Twice a day exposes the calf to high pH twice a
  day. E Coli thrives and is the major cause of
  calf deaths.

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Once A Day

• To reduce cost of raising calves, we must convert
  from the high cost, high risk and labor intensive
  phase to an efficient ruminant.
• Must eat dry matter as early as possible.
• By condensing all the dry matter into one low
  volume feed whole milk will not work.
• Over a 10-14 day period of time the animal can be
  converted to getting 500 grams of milk replacer
  in 2 qts of water. Normal feedings require 200
  grams.
• The single low volume of feed is digested slowly
  but leaves the calf feeling hungry therefore
  starts on starter grain earlier.

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Once A Day

• To raise a calf on whole milk or milk replacer
  cost about 4.00 per kg of gain.
• Once weaned it cost about .70/ kg of gain.
• Milk feeding of calves does not assist rumen
  development.
• Calves can be weaned at 30-35 days of age once
  consuming 1 lb of good calf starter.
• However, starter should contain 20 Protein.
  Provide clean cereal straw which is low in
  nutrient content and poor taste to provide
  roughage.
• Good tasting Alfalfa or pasture will encourage
  consumption which can not be utilized at this
  stage.
• Requires excellent management.

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Nutrient Requirements- NRC 1989At 1.7 lb/day
gain Large Breed
Item Unit 200 600 800 1200 1300
Intake Lbs./d 6.17 14 18.48 29.99 33.73
Energy
TDN of DM 70 65 62 57 55
ME Mcal/lb 1.2 1.12 1.05 0.94 0.91
Protein
CP of DM 16 12 12 12 12
UIP of CP 84 32 21 11 10
DIP of CP 16 68 79 89 90
CP/ME g CP/Mcal ME 60 49 52 58 60
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Nutrient Requirements- NRC 1999At 1.7 lb/day
gain Large Breed
Item Unit 175 575 775 1175 1375
Intake Lbs./d 6.3 15.3 18.3 26.4 30.4
Energy
TDN of DM 76 66 64 64 68
ME Mcal/lb 1.3 1.12 1.12 1.08 1.2
Protein
CP of DM 19 16 15 13 16
UIP of CP 40 32 30 25 30
DIP of CP 60 68 70 75 70
CP/ME g CP/Mcal ME 65 65 63 55 61
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Nutrient Terminology

• Protein
• CP includes NPN and True Protein
• CP used as Ruminants utilization about the same.
• N Content X 6.25 as not all the nitrogen is in
  the form of protein.
• DP - digestible Protein
• Amount consume minus the amount in feces.
• AP - apparent digestibility
• Part of the protein comes from the animal.

• Energy
• DE digestible energy
• ME Metabolizable energy
• TDN
• NEm net energy Maintenance
• Neg - Net energy gain
• Nel - Net energy lactation

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Nutrient Terminology Changes - NRC

• New 2000
• RUP Rumen Undegradable Protein
• RDP Rumen degradable Protein
• MP Metabolizable Protein
• True protein absorbed from the intestine (MCP
  RUP)

• Old - 1989
• UIP Undegradable Intake Protein
• DIP degradable intake Protein
• MCP- Microbial Protein
• BCP Bacterial Protein

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Dry Matter Intake
DMI BW (2) .33 FCM
FCM (lbs of milk X .4) (lbs of milk X Bfat)
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Maximum Ration NDF 1.2 of BW Forage NDF 0.9
of BW Conc. NDF 0.3 BW
Must provide 28 to 30 of the Total Ration in
NDF 19 to 21 of the Total Ration in ADF