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Section 1-7
Confrontation of the Superpowers

• The division between Western Europe and
  Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe was the
  beginning of the Cold War. ?

• The Soviet Union feared the capitalist West. ?
• The United States feared communism.

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Section 1-8
Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.)

• After World War II, the United States and Great
  Britain wanted the Eastern European nations to
  determine their own governments. ?

• Stalin feared that the Eastern European nations
  would be anti-Soviet if they were allowed free
  elections.

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Section 1-9
Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.)

• In early 1947, President Harry S Truman issued
  the Truman Doctrine, which stated that the United
  States would give money to countries threatened
  by Communist expansion. ?

• As stated by Dean Acheson, the U.S. secretary of
  state, the United States was concerned that
  communism would spread throughout the free world
  if left unchecked.

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Section 1-10
Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.)

• In June 1947, the European Recovery Program,
  better known as the Marshall Plan, began. ?

• This program was set up to rebuild war-torn
  Europe. ?
• The Soviet Union and its economically and
  politically dependent Eastern European satellite
  states refused to participate in the Marshall
  Plan.

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Section 1-11
Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.)

• In 1949, the Soviet Union set up the Council for
  Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) as a
  response to the Marshall Plan. ?

• COMECON was established to help the economies of
  Eastern European states.

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Section 1-12
Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.)

• In 1947, the United States adopted the policy of
  containment to keep communism within its existing
  boundaries and prevent further Soviet aggressive
  moves.

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Section 1-13
Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.)

• By 1948, Great Britain, the United States, and
  France worked to unify the three western sections
  of Germany and Berlin and create a West German
  government. ?

• The Soviets opposed the creation of a West German
  state, so they tried to prevent it by setting up
  a blockade of West Berlin. ?
• The United States and Great Britain set up the
  Berlin Air Lift to fly in supplies to West Berlin.

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Section 1-14
Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.)

• The Soviets ended the blockade of West Berlin in
  May 1949.

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Section 1-15
Confrontation of the Superpowers (cont.)

• The Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany,
  was formally created in September 1949. ?

• A month later, the German Democratic Republic was
  set up by the Soviets. ?
• Berlin was divided into two parts.

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Section 1-17
The Spread of the Cold War

• Chinese Communists took control of the government
  of China in 1949. ?

• As a result of the fall of China to communism and
  the Soviet Unions explosion of its first atomic
  bomb in 1949, the Soviet Union and the United
  States began an arms race, in which both
  countries built up their armies and weapons.

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Section 1-18
The Spread of the Cold War (cont.)

• In April 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty
  Organization (NATO) was formed. ?

• This military alliance, which included Great
  Britain, France, other Western European nations,
  and the United States and Canada, agreed to
  provide mutual help if any one of them was
  attacked. ?
• In 1955, the Soviet Union and Albania, Bulgaria,
  Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland,
  and Romania formed the military alliance called
  the Warsaw Pact.

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Section 1-19
The Spread of the Cold War (cont.)

• The Korean War began in 1950 when the Communist
  government of North Korea, allied with the Soviet
  Union, tried to take over South Korea. ?

• As a result, the United States extended its
  military alliances around the world. ?
• By the mid-1950s, the United States was in
  military alliances with 42 nations.

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Section 1-20
The Spread of the Cold War (cont.)

• The United States, Great Britain, France,
  Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia,
  and New Zealand formed the Southeast Asia Treaty
  Organization (SEATO) to stop the Soviet expansion
  in the East. ?

• Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Great Britain, and
  the United States formed the Central Treaty
  Organization (CENTO) to stop Soviet expansion to
  the south.

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Section 1-21
The Spread of the Cold War (cont.)

• In 1957, the Soviets sent Sputnik I, the first
  man-made space satellite, to orbit the earth. ?

• Americans feared there was a missile gap between
  the Soviet Union and the United States.

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Section 1-22
The Spread of the Cold War (cont.)

• In August 1961, on the order of Soviet leader
  Nikita Khrushchev, the East German government
  began to build a wall between West Berlin and
  East Berlin in order to stop the flow of East
  Germans escaping into West Berlin.

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Section 1-24
The Cuban Missile Crisis

• In 1959, President Kennedy approved a secret plan
  for Cuban exiles to invade Cuba at the Bay of
  Pigs and revolt against the Soviet-supported
  Cuban dictator, Fidel Castro. ?

• The invasion failed.

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Section 1-25
The Cuban Missile Crisis (cont.)

• The Soviet Union sent arms and military advisers
  to Cuba. ?

• In 1962 Khrushchev began to place nuclear
  missiles in Cuba to counteract U.S. nuclear
  weapons placed in Turkey, close to the Soviet
  Union. ?
• In October 1962, President Kennedy found out that
  Soviet ships carrying nuclear missiles were
  headed to Cuba. ?
• So he ordered a blockade of Cuba to stop the
  ships from reaching Cuba.

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Section 1-27
The Cuban Missile Crisis (cont.)

• Khrushchev agreed to send the ships back and
  remove nuclear missiles in Cuba if Kennedy agreed
  not to invade Cuba. ?

• Kennedy agreed. ?
• The Cuban missile crisis brought the world close
  to nuclear war.

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Section 1-29
Vietnam and the Domino Theory

• The Vietnam War had an important impact on the
  Cold War. ?

• Its purpose was to keep the Communist government
  of North Vietnam from gaining control of South
  Vietnam. ?
• U.S. policy makers applied the domino theory to
  the Vietnam War. ?
• According to this theory, if South Vietnam fell
  to communism, then other countries in Asia would
  fall like dominoes to communism.

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Section 1-30
Vietnam and the Domino Theory (cont.)

• An antiwar movement escalated in the United
  States as a result of the growing number of
  American troops sent to Vietnam and the mounting
  destruction of the war, which was brought into
  American homes by television.

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Section 1-31
Vietnam and the Domino Theory (cont.)

• President Johnson decided not to run for
  reelection because of public opinion against his
  handling of the war. ?

• Former Republican vice president Richard M. Nixon
  won the election with the promise to end the war
  and reunite the American people. ?
• In 1973, Nixon reached an agreement with North
  Vietnam allowing the United States to withdraw
  its troops. ?
• Within two years, Vietnam was forcibly reunited
  by Communist armies from the North.

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Section 2-7
The Reign of Stalin

• The economy of the Soviet Union was devastated by
  World War II. ?

• To create a new industrial base, goods were
  produced almost exclusively for export. ?
• The money from export goods was used to buy
  machinery and Western technology.

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Section 2-8
The Reign of Stalin (cont.)

• By 1950, the Soviet Union had built new power
  plants, canals, and giant factories. ?

• Heavy industry, the manufacture of machines and
  equipment for factories and mines, increased. ?
• The testing of the hydrogen bomb in 1953 and the
  launch of the first space satellite, Sputnik I,
  in 1957 made the Soviet Union a world power.

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Section 2-9
The Reign of Stalin (cont.)

• In 1946, the Soviet government said that all
  literary and scientific work must conform to the
  political needs of the state. ?

• Stalin died in 1953.

(pages 855856)
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Section 2-10
The Reign of Stalin (cont.)
What were the effects of the Soviet governments
economic methods enacted after World War II?
By 1950, Russian industrial production surpassed
prewar levels by 40 percent. The Soviet people,
however, had a shortage of consumer goods and a
severe shortage of housing.
(pages 855856)
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Section 2-11
The Khrushchev Era

• After Stalins death, Nikita Khrushchev became
  the chief policy maker in the Soviet Union. ?

• Under his leadership, de-Stalinization, or the
  process of eliminating some of Stalins ruthless
  policies, was put in place. ?
• Khrushchev loosened government controls on
  literature. ?
• For example, he allowed the publication of a work
  by Alexander Solzhenitsyn that depicted life in a
  Siberian forced-labor camp.

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Section 2-13
The Khrushchev Era (cont.)

• He tried to increase the production of consumer
  goods and agricultural output. ?

• Khrushchevs attempts to increase agricultural
  output failed, and the industrial growth rate
  also declined. ?
• In 1964, he was forced into retirement.

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Section 2-15
Eastern Europe Behind the Iron Curtain

• After World War II, Soviet-controlled Communist
  governments took control of Eastern European
  countries. ?

• However, in Albania, the Communist government
  grew increasingly independent of the Soviet
  Union. ?
• After World War II, Yugoslavia, led by Josip
  Broz, or Tito, was an independent Communist state
  until Titos death in 1980.

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Section 2-16
Eastern Europe Behind the Iron Curtain (cont.)

• Between 1948 and 1953, Eastern European satellite
  states instituted Soviet-type five-year plans
  with emphasis on heavy industry. ?

• They began to collectivize agriculture. ?
• They set up secret police and military forces.

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Section 2-17
Eastern Europe Behind the Iron Curtain (cont.)

• After Stalins death many Eastern European states
  tried to make reforms. ?

• The Soviet Union, however, made it
  clearespecially in Poland, Hungary, and
  Czechoslovakiathat it would not allow its
  Eastern European satellites to become independent.

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Section 2-18
Eastern Europe Behind the Iron Curtain (cont.)

• In 1956 revolts against communism erupted in
  Poland, and a series of reforms were adopted. ?

• Fearful of a Soviet armed response, however, the
  Poles pledged to remain loyal to the Warsaw Pact.

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Section 2-19
Eastern Europe Behind the Iron Curtain (cont.)

• In 1956, after calls for revolt from Soviet
  control, Hungarian leader Imre Nagy declared
  Hungary a free nation. ?

• Three days later, Soviet troops attacked Budapest
  and reestablished control of the country.

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Section 2-20
Eastern Europe Behind the Iron Curtain (cont.)

• In January 1968, Alexander Dubcek was elected
  first secretary of the Communist party in
  Czechoslovakia. ?

• He introduced reforms to the country, including
  freedom of speech and press. ?
• By August 1968, the Soviet Army invaded
  Czechoslovakia, crushed the reform movement, and
  reestablished Soviet control.

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Section 3-7
Western Europe Recovery

• The Marshall Plan helped the countries of Western
  Europe recover relatively rapidly from the
  devastation of World War II. ?

• The 1950s and 1960s were periods of dramatic
  economic growth and prosperity in Western Europe.

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Section 3-8
Western Europe Recovery (cont.)

• For almost 25 years after World War II, France
  was mostly led by Charles de Gaulle. ?

• He established the Fourth Republic, which
  featured a strong parliament and a weak
  presidency. ?
• But the government was largely ineffective, and
  de Gaulle withdrew from politics. ?
• He returned in 1958 and established the Fifth
  Republic, which featured a strong presidency.

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Section 3-9
Western Europe Recovery (cont.)

• De Gaulle became the first president of the Fifth
  Republic. ?

• France became a major industrial producer and
  exporter. ?
• Government deficits and a rise in the cost of
  living led to unrest. ?
• De Gaulle resigned from office in 1969.

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Section 3-10
Western Europe Recovery (cont.)

• From 1949 to 1963, Konrad Adenauer, leader of the
  Christian Democratic Union, served as chancellor
  of West Germany. ?

• Under Adenauers leadership and that of the
  minister of finance, Ludwig Erhard, West
  Germanys economy was revived. ?
• The unemployment rate fell greatly. ?
• Erhard became chancellor from 1963 to 1969. ?
• The Social Democratic Party, led by Willy Brandt,
  became West Germanys leading political party in
  1969.

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Section 3-11
Western Europe Recovery (cont.)

• At the end of World War II, Great Britain had
  large economic problems. ?

• The Labour Party, which promised far-reaching
  reforms, defeated Churchills Conservative Party.
  ?
• Prime Minister Clement Attlee and the Labour
  Party created a modern welfare statea state in
  which the government takes responsibility for
  providing citizens with services and a minimal
  standard of living. ?
• The British welfare state became the norm for
  most European states after the war.

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Section 3-12
Western Europe Recovery (cont.)

• The cost of building a welfare state caused Great
  Britain to dismantle the British Empire. ?

• Many British colonies gained their independence.

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Section 3-14
Western Europe The Move toward Unity

• After World War II, many Europeans wanted
  European unity. ?

• Nationalism, however, was too strong for European
  nations to give up their sovereignty. ?
• Instead the countries focused on economic unity.

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Section 3-15
Western Europe The Move toward Unity (cont.)

• In 1957, France, West Germany, the Benelux
  countries, and Italy created the European
  Economic Community (EEC), also known as the
  Common Market. ?

• The six member nations would impose no tariffs on
  each others goods. ?
• By the 1960s, the EEC was an important trading
  bloca group of nations with a common purpose.

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Section 3-17
The United States in the 1950s

• Between 1945 and 1970, the ideals of Franklin
  Roosevelts New Deal determined the patterns of
  American domestic politics. ?

• Prosperity at home and Cold War struggles abroad
  characterized the 1950s in the United States. ?
• Between 1945 and 1973 real wagesthe actual
  purchasing power of incomegrew an average of 3
  percent a year.

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Section 3-18
The United States in the 1950s (cont.)

• The Cold War led to widespread fear that
  Communists had infiltrated the United States. ?

• Senator Joseph R. McCarthy charged that hundreds
  of Communists were in high government positions.
  ?
• This created a massive Red Scare.

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Section 3-20
The United States in the 1960s

• President John F. Kennedy, the youngest elected
  president of the United States, was assassinated
  in 1963. ?

• Vice President Lyndon Johnson became president
  and was elected in a landslide victory to another
  term in 1964. ?
• President Johnsons Great Society programs
  included health care for the elderly, measures
  to fight poverty, and aid to education.

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Section 3-21
The United States in the 1960s (cont.)

• The U.S. civil rights movement began in 1954 with
  the Supreme Court ruling that made racial
  segregation in public schools illegal. ?

• In 1963 the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., a
  leader of the civil rights movement, led a march
  on Washington, D.C., for equality. ?
• He advocated the use of passive disobedience in
  gaining racial equality.

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Section 3-23
The United States in the 1960s (cont.)

• President Johnson worked for civil rights. ?

• In 1964 the Civil Rights Act helped end
  segregation and discrimination in the workplace
  and in public places. ?
• The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made it easier for
  African Americans to vote in southern states.

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Section 3-24
The United States in the 1960s (cont.)

• In 1965, race riots began in the Watts district
  of Los Angeles. ?

• In 1968, after the assassination of Martin Luther
  King, Jr., race riots broke out in over a hundred
  cities in the United States. ?
• The race riots caused a white backlash, and
  racial division in the United States continued. ?
• As the Vietnam War continued through the second
  half of the 1960s, antiwar protests throughout
  the United States grew.

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Section 3-25
The United States in the 1960s (cont.)

• Republican Richard M. Nixon was elected president
  based on his law and order campaign in 1968.

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Section 3-27
The Development of Canada

• After World War II, Canada increased its
  industrial development. ?

• Much of the Canadian growth was financed by
  people from the United States, leading to U.S.
  ownership of many Canadian businesses. ?
• Some Canadians feared American economic
  domination of Canada. ?
• Canada was a founding member of the UN in 1945
  and joined NATO in 1949.

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Section 3-28
The Development of Canada (cont.)

• The Liberal government of Canada created a
  welfare state by enacting a national social
  security system and a national health insurance
  program.

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Section 3-30
The Emergence of a New Society

• Postwar Western society had a changing social
  structure. ?

• Managers and technicians joined the middle-class
  groups. ?
• The number of people in farming declined
  dramatically. ?
• The number of industrial workers declined as
  white-collar workers increased. ?
• A consumer society developed as real wages
  increased.

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Section 3-31
The Emergence of a New Society
(cont.)

• Buying on credit became widespread in the 1950s.
  ?

• The automobile was a sign of consumerism.

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Section 3-32
The Emergence of a New Society

• Women in many Western countries had gained the
  right to vote after World War I. ?

• Women in France and Italy gained voting rights in
  the 1940s. ?
• Women who had worked during World War II returned
  to traditional roles. ?
• Birthrates rose, creating a baby boom in the
  late 1940s and the 1950s.

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Section 3-33
The Emergence of a New Society

• By the end of the 1950s, birthrates declined. ?

• Married women entered the workforce. ?
• Women earned much less than men did for equal
  work. ?
• Many women worked and raised families at the same
  time.

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Section 3-34
The Emergence of a New Society

• By the late 1960s, women renewed their interest
  in the womens liberation movement. ?

• The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir influenced
  both the American and European womens movements.

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Section 3-35
The Emergence of a New Society

• Growing discontent in European and U.S.
  universities led students to revolt in the late
  1960s. ?

• In the 1970s and 1980s, student rebels became
  middle-class professionals.

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