????(biocoenosis)????(community),?????????????????????????

1
??? ???????????????????
2
??? ??????

• ????????????
• ????(biocoenosis)????(community),?????????????????
  ????????
• ??????????,???????????,?????????????????
• ????(major community)?????(minor community)

3
???????

• ? ??????????
• ? ????????????????,????????
• ? ??????????????????????,???????????
• ? ????????????????????
• ? ???????????????????????
• ? ???????
• ? ???????
• ? ??????????????????

4
?????????????????

• (?)????????????
• ??????S 2c/(a b)100

5
(?)??????????

• ?????(ecotone)?????????????,?????????(???????)???
  ?????????????????????????????
• ????(edge effect)??????????????????????
• ??????????????,?????????????,?????????????????????
  
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????
• ?????

6
(No Transcript)
7
????????????

• (?)???
• ???(dominant species)????????????????????????,????
  ????????????,??????????,????????????????
• ni??i?????,N???????????,fi???????????? ?

8

• ???????
• ?????????,????????????
• ???????????????????
• ??????????

9
(?)???

• ???(keystone species)????????,????????????????(???
  ?????????)??????????,??????????????????????
• ????????????????????????,?????????????????????????
  ??

10
(?)???

• ?????????,????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????
• ???? (subdominant)
• ??? (common species)???? (companion species)
• ??????????? (rare species)

11
?????????????

• ????(seasonal succession)??????,???????,?????????
  
• ???????????????????,????????
• ????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????,?????????????????
  ???????????

12
(No Transcript)
13

• ?????????

(?)????

• ??????????????????????,?????????????,???????????
  ??,????????????????????

14
(No Transcript)
15
(?)????

• ??????????(patch distribution)

• ????
• ? ?????????
• ? ?????? ???????????????
• ? ?????????
• ? ????

16
??? ????????????

• ????????
• (?)???????????
• ????????????????????????????
• ??????????????(????)??????(????)?????????

17

• ????(E)
• E (ri-Pi)/(riPi)
• ri??????????
• Pi????????????
• E-11

18

• ?????????
• ???????????
• ?????????
• ??????????,???????????????
• ??????????????????,???????????????????????????????
  ?

19
(?)????????????

• ?????????????,???????????
• ??????????????
• ???????????????

20
5-1
21
?????

• ?????????????,???????,?????????????????????????
  ???,???????????????????????????????,??????????

22

• (?)????????(Lotka-Volterra)?????

5-2
23

• ????? dN/dt r1N
• ????dP/dt -r2P
• ???? dN/dt r1N-eP N
• e????,????????,???????
• dP/dt -r2P?N P
• ???????

24
5-3
25
????????????

• (?)?????????

26

• ????(Gauses hypothesis)???????(Principle of
  competitive exclusion)???????????????????????????
  ???????,???????????,?????????????
• ???(Hutchinson)??,????????????,???????????(??????
  ????????),?????????????????,??????????,???????????
  ???(????????????????,???????)?

27
(?) Lotka-Volterra???????

• ??????????

• ???????

a?ß??????????????
28

• ?A??dN1/dt 0?????N1K1,N20?N10,N2K1/a
• ?B??dN2/dt 0?????N1K2/ß,N20?N10,N2K2
• ????????????

29

• ?K1gtK2/ß,K1/agtK2?,N1??
• ?K2gtK1/a,K1ltK2/ß?,N2??
• ?K1gtK2/ß, K2gtK1/a?,????????
• ?K1ltK2/ß,K2ltK1/a?,????

30
(?)?????????????????

• 1. ??????

31
(No Transcript)
32

• ?????????????(??????)??????,??????????????(?????)
  ,?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????(????????????)??????????

33

• 2. ???????????
• ? ???????????

34
? ??????????

• ????????????????
• ? ???????,????????????????????
• ? ???????,?????????????????,?????????????,????????
  ?????????????
• ? ????????,??????????????????

35
(No Transcript)
36

• ????????????

? 5-9

• dgtw,????????????dltw,????????

37
? ?????(niche differentiation)?????

• ??????(habitat differentiation)
• ?????(territorial differentiation)
• ?????(feeding differentiation)
• ?????(physiological differentiation)
• ?????(body-size differentiation)

38
(No Transcript)
39
(No Transcript)
40
????????

• ??(commensalism)??
• ??(mutualism)
• ??(parasitism)?????????
• ??(amensalism)??(antibiosis)
• ????(protocoperation)
• ??(mutual antagonism)
• ????(neutralism)

41

• (?)????????????

42
(?)????????????
43

• (?)????????????

44
(No Transcript)
45
(No Transcript)
46
(?)???????????

• ????
• ????
• ????????
• ??????????????

47
??? ????????????

• ?????????????
• (?)????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????,????????????
  ????????,????????????,???????????????

48
(No Transcript)
49
(?)????????????

• ??????
• ??????????????????????,??????,?????????,?????????
  ????580?,?????????Great Slave??????,??4?????????
• ???????

50

• ???????????,????,??????????????,??????,???????
• ????????,????????????????????,??????????????????
  ?
• ????
• ?????

51

• ????????????
• ????????,????????
• ??????,???????????????????
• ???????????,???,?????????????,?????????

52
(?)??????? (diversity index)

• ????? DS/lnA
• A?????,S????????
• Gleason?? D(S-1)/lnN
• S????????,N?????????

53

• ????????(Simpsons diversity index)
• ?????? (Shannon-Weiner index)
• ?????

54

• ?????????????????

• ??? (girder concept)
• ?????????????????,????????
• ?????????????????????

55
???????????????

• (?)????????????
• ??????(???)???
• ??????
• ????

56

• ??????

57
(?)??????????

• ??????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????
• ????????,????????????????????,????????????

58
(No Transcript)
59
(?)?????????????
60
(No Transcript)
61
(?)??????????

• ??(disturbance?????)??????????????????,???????????
  
• ????????(???????????????)????????(????????????)?
  ?????(??????????????????)?
• ?????
• ?????(intermediate disturbance hypothesis)
• Sauna???????????????
• ??????????????????????,???????????

62

• (?)???????

• 1. ?????????
• ScAz ? lgSlgCz(lgA)
• S??,A??,z??????????????,C?????????
• ???? ?????????????????,?????????????,???????????
  ??????,???????

63
(No Transcript)
64

• 2. ???????????????
• 3. Mac Arthur???? (equilibrium theory)
• ?????,???????
• ???????????????
• ?????,????????????????
• ?????????????
• ?????????????,???????????

65
(No Transcript)
66
??? ???????

• ???????????
• (?)??????????
• ??????????
• ????(succession)????????????????????????????,????
  ?????????????????????

67

• ????????????
• ? ???????????,????????????,???????
• ? ????????????,?????????????,????????????????????
  
• ? ?????????????,???????,????????
• ???(pioneer stages)????(seral stages)?????(climax)

68
(?)??????????

• ????(primary succession)?????(secondary
  succession)
• ????(autogenic succession)?????(allogenic
  succession)
• ?????????
• ????(geological succession)?????(ecological
  succession)
• ???? (hydrorarch succession) ?????(xerarch
  succession) ?????
• ????? (autotrophic succession)??????
  (heterotrophic succession)

69
(No Transcript)
70
???????

• ??????????
• ??
• ?????(pulse stability)

71

• ???????

(?) ????
? ????? ? ????? ? ????? ? ???????
??????
72
(No Transcript)
73
(?)????

• ? ??????
• ? ??????
• ? ??????
• ? ????
• ? ????
• (?)???????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????

74
????????
75
????????

• ????? (monoclimax theory)
• ????? (polyclimax theory)
• ????????(climax pattern hypothesis)
• ?????(pulse stability)

76
??????????

• ?????(organismic school)????????????????,???????
  ,???????????????
• ?????(individualistic school)??????????????,????
  ???????,???????????,??????????????????,???????????
  
• ????????????????,???????????????????,???????????
  ????????
• ????????????????????????

77

• ????????????

• ? ????
• ? ???????????????,??????????,????????????????????
  ?,?????????
• ? ??????????????????? ?????????????????????,?????
  ?????????

78

• ????????????????

• ? ???????????????????
• ? ?????(??????)??????????????????????????
• ? ?????????????r?????,K?????????????
• ? ????????????????
• ? ?????????????????????
• ? ?????,P/R????1,??????,P/R???????l?P/R???????????
  ?????????

79

• ? ???(P)????(B)??????????????
• ? ?????,???????????????????,????,????????????
• ? ?????????,???????,????????????
• ? ????????????????????????????,???????????????????
  ??