?????? ?????? (Positivism)

1
????????? ???????????

• ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????
• ??????? ?????? (??????? ???????) ???? ??????? ??
  ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????
  ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????
  ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??
  ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??
  ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???
  ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????
  ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???????
  ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????. ???? ??? ???????

2
?????? ?????? (Positivism)

• ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????
  ?????? ????? ??????.
• ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????????
  ??????
• Multidimensional approach? A positive impartial,
  multidimensional and unbiased historical
  methodology.
• ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????
• Theory of Materialism - Naturalism.

3
Naturalism Positivism

• Naturalism a doctrine, theory or principle
  according to which matter is the only reality,
  and the reality through which all being and
  processes and phenomena can be explained.
• Positivism a system of philosophy holding that
  theology and metaphysics belong to earlier or
  imperfect modes of knowledge whereas positive
  knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their
  spatiotemporal properties or upon facts as
  elaborated and verified by methods of the
  empirical sciences.

4
Naturalism Positivism

• ???? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??
  ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???
  ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????
  ??????.
• ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????
  ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????
  ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???
  ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????
  ?????? ?????????.

4
5
????????? ???????????....

• ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ???????
  ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????
  (???????-???????)? ?????? ???? ??? ???????
  ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????
  ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????
  ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????
  ???????? ???????? ????? ????.

6
????????? ???????????....

• ??????? ??????? (??????? ???????) ?????????? ??
  ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????
  ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????????
  ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??
  ????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????
  ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????.
• ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????
  ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????
  ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????
  ???? ???

7
????????? ???????????....

• ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????
  ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????
  ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????
  ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ????
  ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????
  ?????????.
• ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???
  ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????
  ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? Leone
  Caetani (1869-1926)? ?????? ?????? Carlo Alfonso
  Nallino (1872-1938). ??? ????? ???????

8
????????? ???????????....

• ???????? ??????? ?? ???? Silvester de Sacy
  (1758-1838)? ?????? ????? Ernest Renan(1823-1892)
  ? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? George
  Sale(1697-1736)? ???? ??????? ???.Sir Hamilton R.
  A. Gibb ? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????
  ???????? Jullius Wellhausen (1844-1918) ?????
  ???????? Carl Brockelmann (1868-1956)? ???
  ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? Miguel Asin
  Placios (1871-1944)? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????
  ??????????? ???????????.Ignaij Julianovic
  Krackovskij ??? ??????? ????????? ????????
  ????Rienhart Dozy(1820-1883). ????? ?????????
  Christiaan Snouk Hurgronje (1857-1936).

9
????????? ???????????....

• ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????
  ?????????.Dunckan Black MacDonald (1863-1943)
  ??????? ??? ???????? Gustav Von Grunbaum
  (1909-1972). ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????
  ??????? ????? ????????.Ignaz Goldziher
  (1850-1921) .