Ergogenic Aids in Sports

1
Ergogenic Aids in Sports
2
OBJECTIVES

• Historical review
• Factors influencing athletes to use drugs
• Types of drugs and their risks
• Preventing drug use in athletes

3
INTRODUCTION

• Major problems facing sport today
• Growing attention
• Deaths of elite athletes
• Increasing attention of media
• Contrary to the ethical principles of athletic
  competition
• Wide spread among athletes

4
DEFINITION ERGOGENIC AIDS

• Ergo work
• Gennan to produce
• Any substance or method used to enhance
  performance through increased energy utilization
• production
• control
• efficiency

5
TYPES OF ERGOGENIC AIDS

• Biomechanical aids - light weight shoes
• Psychological aids - hypnosis
• Physiological aids - blood doping
• Pharmacological aids - steroids
• Nutritional aids -

6
DRUGS MISUSED BY ATHLETES

• Therapeutic drugs
• OTCs, Diuretics, Opioids, Beta-blockers, etc.
• Performance enhancing drugs
• Amphetamines, Caffeine, Anabolic steroids, Growth
  hormone, etc.
• Drugs typically misused
• Alcohol, Nicotine, Marihuana, Cocaine, etc.

7
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

• Ancient civilizations
• Mushrooms, herbs, liquor
• 19th Century
• Alcohol, Caffeine, nitroglycerine, opium,
  strychnine, trimethyl
• World War II
• Amphetamines, testosterone

8
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

• Post war era
• Amphetamines
• Anabolic steroids
• Newer agents
• Blood doping
• Erythropoietin
• Growth hormone

9
CURRENTLY PROHIBITED BY IOC

• Drugs
• Stimulants, Opioids, Anabolic agents, Diuretics,
  Peptide hormones
• Methods
• Blood doping, artificial oxygen administration,
  plasma expanders, pharmacological, chemical and
  physical manipulation
• In certain circumstances
• Alcohol, Cannabinoids, local anesthetics, ?
  blockers

10
WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCES ATHLETES?

• Belief that competitors take drugs
• Have to use them to be competitive
• Need the edge to win!
• Dissatisfaction with size/ weight
• Peer/ Team Pressure
• Community attitudes and expectations
• Financial rewards and media influence

11
THERAPEUTIC DRUGS

• Over-The-Counter (OTC) drugs
• NSAIDs, laxatives, analgesics, weight loss
  medicines, corticosteroids, local anesthetics
• Low potential for misuse
• Increased risk of further injury, GI bleed,
  anemia, eating disorders

12
THERAPEUTIC DRUGS

• Diuretics
• Rapid weight loss
• Boxing, wrestling, judo
• Excretion or dilution of illegal substances
• Overall negative impact on performance
• Dehydration, hypotension, muscle cramps,
  electrolyte imbalance

13
THERAPEUTIC DRUGS

• Opioids
• Prescription pain killers most common
• Allow performance while injured
• 75 used after injury only
• Increased risk of further injury, dependence,
  drowsiness, mental clouding, and in high doses
  respiratory depression, hypotension, addiction

14
THERAPEUTIC DRUGS

• Beta-Blockers
• Anti-tremor, anxiolytic effect
• Shooters, ski jumpers, archery
• Negative effect on endurance
• Depression, bronchospasm, fatigue

15
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS

• CNS Stimulants
• Amphetamines
• Delay fatigue, increase alertness, enhance speed,
  power, endurance, concentration
• Hypertension, angina, vomiting, abdominal pain,
  cerebral hemorrhage, addiction and death

16
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS

• CNS Stimulants
• Caffeine
• Shortened reaction time, improved concentration,
  diuresis
• Glycogen sparing leading to delayed fatigue
• gt 12 ug/mL is a positive urine per IOC
• Dyspepsia, cardiac damage, combination of
  caffeine with other stimulants (e.g., ephedrine)
  may be fatal

17
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS

• Systemic stimulants
• Adrenalin
• Normally used in local anesthetics
• Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine
• As cold and allergy remedies
• Phenylpropanolamine
• As diet pills
• High doses are similar effects to the
  amphetamines

18
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS

• Anabolic androgenic steroids
• Derivatives of testosterone
• Drug and method sought for maximum anabolic and
  minimum androgenic properties
• Sprinting, weight lifting, body building
• Acne, abnormal Lever function tests,
  virilization, premature closure of the epiphysial
  plates, behavioral changes roid rage, CVAs,
  cardiomyopathy

19
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS

• Beta 2 agonists
• Isoproterenol, epinephrine, norepinephrine
• Sympathomimetic amines, anabolic properties
• Cardiac arrhythmias in overdose, headaches
• Peptide hormones HCG
• Increases testosterone
• Maintains testicular volume with anabolic steroid
  use
• Ovarian cysts

20
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS

• Pituitary and synthetic gonadotropins
• Increases testosterone, anti- estrogenic
• Ovarian cysts
• Corticotropins
• Increase testosterone
• Rare and related to excess corticosteroids-
  pituitary suppression, ? immunity, osteoporosis,
  hyperglycemia

21
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS

• Growth hormone
• Increase muscle mass decrease fat mass
• Gigantism, acromegaly, hypothyroidism, cardiac
  disease, myopathies, arthritis, diabetes
  mellitus, impotence, osteoporosis

22
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS

• Erythropoietin (EPO)
• Stimulates RBC production
• Increases oxygen carrying capacity
• CVAs
• Blood doping
• RBC transfusion, artificial oxygen carriers
• Increases oxygen carrying capacity
• Allergic reactions, sludging of blood

23
FOOD SUPPLEMENTS

• Viewed as legal means of gaining edge
• 76-100 of athletes use vs. 50 general
  population
• May or may not contribute to enhanced performance
• Creatine, colostrum, antioxidants, sodium
  bicarbonate, vitamins, proteins, amino acids
• Adverse effects not investigated

24
TYPICAL DRUGS OF MISUSE

• Alcohol
• Most frequently used
• Negative impact on reaction time, hand-eye
  coordination, balance, strength
• Excessive heat production and dehydration
• Cardiovascular and GI complications, nutritional
  deficiencies, dependence

25
TYPICAL DRUGS OF MISUSE

• Cocaine
• Minimal performance enhancing effect
• Heightened arousal and increased alertness with
  low doses
• Over confidence leading to increased risk of
  injury
• MI, CVA, seizures, arrhythmias, addiction

26
TYPICAL DRUGS OF MISUSE

• Cannabinoids
• Most frequent illegal drug used in the US
• Male athletes have higher incidence than
  non-athletic peers (opposite for females)
• Psychomotor impairment, distorted perception,
  amotivational syndrome and decreased testosterone
  with long-term use

27
TYPICAL DRUGS OF MISUSE

• Nicotine
• Majority use in form of smokeless tobacco
• Males gtgt females
• Cardiovascular and pulmonary disease, oral
  cancers, addiction

28
DRUG PROGRAMS

• Programs administered by leagues and associations
  (ex. NCAA, NFL, NBA)
• Are responsible for relevant events, fairness,
  quality of competition, safety, the image of
  their participants and events
• Deter use by testing and discipline
• Some include evaluation and treatment
• Coaches can discourage use

29
DRUG PROGRAMS

• Programs identify individuals with drug problem
  to facilitate treatment
• Keys to successful drug program
• Inclusion of all involved parties
• Reliable and sensitive testing program
• Consistent discipline
• Evaluation of effectiveness
• Confidentiality
• Early prevention

30
CHALLENGES

• Most drugs not prescribed
• Viewed as essential for success
• Easy access to drugs
• Our dilemma/role
• Monitoring side effects
• Why?, discuss pro/cons, appraisal, explore
  options
• Need for collaboration

31
SUMMARY

• Substance use in athletes dates to ancient times
• Multiple factors why athletes use drugs
• Types of drugs used range from therapeutic and
  performance enhancing to typical drugs of misuse
• Needs to educate athletes on the risks of using
  drugs