Australia and Oceania - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

About This Presentation
Title:

Australia and Oceania

Description:

... Plateau Ancient shield landmass Interior Lowlands Flat, and featureless lowland Eastern Highlands Barrier between western interior and eastern coastal ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:766
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 53
Provided by: 6649324
Learn more at: https://gis.depaul.edu
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Australia and Oceania


1
Australia and Oceania
2
? Interplay between European and indigenous
culture European dominance ?? Indigenous
dominance
3
Introduction
  • Isolated physical setting
  • Exotic plants and animals
  • Late arrival of human occupations
  • Interplay between indigenous peoples and European
    cultures
  • Cultural adaptation, assimilation, and conflicts
  • Youthful political geography
  • Fluid geopolitical identity

4
Environmental Geography
Varied Natural and Human Habitat
5
Landform
6
Australia
Landform
  • Western Plateau
  • Ancient shield landmass
  • Interior Lowlands
  • Flat, and featureless lowland
  • Eastern Highlands
  • Barrier between western interior and eastern
    coastal plain

7
Artesian well
Landform
  • Interior basin lacks water supply, but the Great
    Artesian Basin possesses a rich supply of
    underground water

8
New Zealand
Landform
  • Rugged mountain range featured by volcanic peaks
  • ? Pacific Rim of Fire
  • Fjord-like western coast in the South Island
  • ? Glacial forces

9
Oceania
Landform
10
Volcanic Islands
Landform
Bora Bora, French Polynesia
11
Evolution of Volcanic Islands
Landform
3. Islands subside below sea level
1. Active volcanism
2. Volcanism dwindles erosion intervenes
Geologic time
12
Climate
13
Natural Hazards
Environmental issues
14
Environmental issues
Global Resource Pressures
15
Mining in Papua New Guinea
Environmental issues
Mining, while providing incomes, causes immense
environmental damage to the region
16
Nuclear Testing
Environmental issues
17
Population and Settlement
A Diverse Cultural Landscape
18
  • Indigenous settlement
  • Aborigines in Australia, Maori in New Zealand
  • New Guinea Highlands, Society Islands
  • European migrations
  • Sydney, Melbourne
  • Asian laborers and immigrants
  • Indian in Fiji, Japanese in Hawaii
  • Recent Asian immigrants in Australia

19
  • Australia and New Zealand are highly urbanized
    and Westernized
  • Most of pacific islands are rural (eg. Papua New
    Guinea)

20
Population distribution
21
Sydney, Australia
Most Australians (85) live in cities
22
Peopling the Pacific
23
European Colonization
  • Australia
  • Served as a penal colony (1788)
  • Decimation of Aborigines
  • New Zealand
  • Wars with Maori chiefdoms (1845 1870)
  • Hawaii
  • U.S. annexed Hawaiian kingdom (1898)

24
Australian agriculture
  • Too dry for farming ? extensive ranching
  • Hunting, gathering by Aborigines
  • Commercial farming in the coastal plains
  • Viniculture in Mediterranean climate region
  • Sugarcane in subtropical climate region
  • Dairy farming in well-watered area

25
Oceanic agriculture
  • Village-centered shifting cultivation
  • Papua New Guinea highlands
  • Plantation agriculture in coastal plains
  • Sugarcane fields in Fiji and Hawaii

26
Current population issues
  • Australia and New Zealand
  • Influx of Asian immigrants
  • Less-developed island nations
  • Growing population given limited land

27
Cultural Coherence and Diversity
A Global Crossroads
28
Process of Cultural Change
  • Cultural differentiation
  • ? geographical isolation
  • Cultural accommodation/assimilation
  • ? European colonialism
  • Cultural homogenization or preservation
  • ? globalization

29
Multicultural Australia
  • Dominance of colonial European roots
  • 70 of population is British or Irish
  • White Australia Policy (1973)
  • Remaining links with the British Crown
  • But increasingly multicultural due to
  • Political movement of native inhabitants
  • Inflows of Asian immigrants with a skill
  • Asianization policy
  • Two-way globalization

30
Multicultural New Zealand
  • Parallel the story of Australia with a slightly
    different cultural mix
  • Unique Polynesian roots
  • Maori (15)
  • Pacific islanders (5)

31
The Mosaic of Pacific Cultures (1)
  • Traditional culture worlds
  • The division of Oceania into Melanesia,
    Micronesia, and Polynesia is based on racial and
    cultural distinctions by 19c anthropologists
  • Melanesia Micronesia Polynesia
  • Skin color dark brown
  • Social system village chiefdom kingdom
  • But the actual distinction is rather subtle
  • Revolves around village life
  • Highlanders in Papua New Guinea

32
The Mosaic of Pacific Cultures (2)
  • External cultural influences
  • Colonial plantation brought contact laborers
  • Japanese/Chinese in Hawaii, Indian in Fiji
  • Creole cultures
  • Multicultural Hawaiians
  • French New Caledonia
  • Pidgin English Christianity
  • International tourism transforms their
    livelihoods
  • Fiji, French Polynesia, The Hawaiian Islands,
    Samoa

33
Language of Australia and Oceania
34
Geopolitical Framework
A Land of Fluid Boundaries
35
  • Colonial legacy
  • Ever-changing political map
  • Over the last two centuries
  • Persisting colonial ties
  • French Polynesia
  • U.S. territory
  • Youthful states
  • Oldest political states are the 20th century
    creation
  • Australia, New Zealand (1907)

36
Indigenous Patterns
  • Prior to European contact, the political
    geography was mosaic of indigenous territories
  • Melanesia based on kinship
  • Polynesia based on chiefdom
  • Some large volcanic islands of Polynesia formed
    kingdom (eg. Hawaii)

37
An Imposed Colonial Framework(circa 1900)
U.S.
Germany
France
Britain
38
An Imposed Colonial Framework(After WWI)
U.S.
Japan
Britain
France
Australia
New Zealand
39
An Imposed Colonial Framework(After WWII)
U.S.
Britain
France
Australia
New Zealand
40
An Imposed Colonial Framework(present day)
U.S.
France
New Zealand
41
Marshall Islands
Spanish (15261885)
Independence (1990s)
WWI
WWII
  • Political control of Micronesia has shifted
    numerous times during the last two centuries

42
Native Rights in Australia and New Zealand
Geopolitical tensions
  • General trends are to acknowledge the land rights
    of indigenous people
  • Establishment of Aboriginal reserves
  • Native Title Bill (1993)

43
Ethnic tension in Fiji
Geopolitical tensions
  • The populations of indigenous Fijians and South
    Asian immigrants are roughly equal
  • The violation of democratic process by the
    Fijians (eg. military coup in the late 1980s and
    2000)

44
Rebellion in Papua New Guinea
Geopolitical tensions
  • Resource-rich Bougainvilles indigenous
    inhabitants demand local control
  • Suppressed by military force

45
Geopolitical tensions
46
Economic and Social Development
A Hard Path to Paradise
47
  • Wealthy Australia, New Zealand, French
    territories
  • Impoverished remainders

48
Economy of Australia and New Zealand
  • Economic assets
  • Highly educated population
  • Diverse base of natural resources
  • Modern urban and industrial infrastructure
  • Challenges
  • Dependence on extraction of raw materials
  • Small domestic markets
  • Lack of high-tech and IT industries
  • ? Efforts to diversify economic bases

49
Economy of Australia and New Zealand economic
diversification
  • Moving away from the traditional extractive
    economies (eg. tourism)
  • Promoting economic integration within the region
  • CER (Closer Economic Relationship) Agreement
  • Shifting away from Europe and North America in
    favor of closer links with Asia
  • Recent immigration policy
  • ARF (ASEAN Regional Forum)
  • APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation Group)

50
Global trade in Australia and New Zealand
51
Oceanias Economic Diversity
  • Subsistence-based economies
  • Shifting cultivation, fishing
  • Commercial extractive economy
  • Plantation, mining, logging
  • Global tourism
  • Subsidies from the present/former colonial powers

52
  • Relatively fared well regardless of varied level
    of economic development with the exception of
    Papua New Guinea
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com