Alkaloids (Lecture 5)

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Alkaloids (Lecture 5)

• By
• Ms. Tehseen Quds

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Learning Objectives

• At the end of this lecture students will be
  able to
• Identify Opium and their alkaloids.
• Know the isolation of latex from Opium capsules.
• Perform extraction of Opium alkaloids.
• Explain in detail about Opium alkaloids and their
  uses.

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Opium

• Biological Source Opium or gum opium is the air
  dried milky exudates obtained by incising the
  unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum.
• Annual herb.
• Term opium is from Greek Opion meaning Poppy
  juice.

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Opium

• History In 1806 Serturner isolated the alkaloid
  morphine from Opium. The opium poppy is grown
  commercially now in many countries throughout the
  world.
• Cultivation and Collection The cultivation of
  Opium poppy is controlled internationally by the
  International Narcotics Control Board of the
  United Nations.

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How to obtain Latex from Capsules?
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Latex Collection from Capsules

• The capsules are incised with a knife, which is
  usually 3- bladed and the incision is made around
  the circumference of the capsule. The latex which
  flows out at first is white, rapidly coagulates
  and turns brown to blackish.
• Each capsules incised 4 or 5 separate times.

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Latex Collection from Capsules (Continued)

• The congealed opium is scraped off with an iron
  scoop or knife before the heat makes it more
  tightly.
• When sufficient latex is collected, it is kneaded
  into bails that are wrapped in poppy leaves and
  dried in the shade.

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Constituents

• More than 30 different alkaloids have been
  obtained. Most important of these are Morphine
  (4-21), Codeine (0.8-2.5), Noscapine formerly
  narcotine (4-8), Papaverine (0.5-2.5), thebaine
  (0.5-2) and narceine etc.
• Externally, opium is pale olive brown or olive
  gray.

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Extraction from Opium
Precipitate (Narcotine, Papaverine, Thebaine)
Filtrate (Morphine, Codeine, Narceine)
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Extraction from Opium (Continued)

Filtrate extracted With Chloroform
1. Dissolve ppt. in alcohol 2. Acidify with
Acetic acid 3. Add 3 volumes of boiling water
Chloroform
Aqueous sol. Morphine, Narceine
Precipitate (narcotine)
Aqueous Solution (Thebaine)
Acidify then make slightly Alkaline with Ammonia
Dissolve in boiling 0.3 oxalic acid sol and
cool
Precipitate (Morphine)
Aqueous sol. (Narceine)
Aq.sol. Narcotine oxalate
Crystals (Papaverine Oxalate)
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Opium Uses

• Pharmaceutic necessity for powdered opium.
• As an analgesic, a hypnotic, narcotic and
  antidiarrheal.
• Checks excessive peristalsis.
• Dose 60 mg
• Prescription products Dovers powder and
  camphorated opium tincture.

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Opium uses (Continued)

• Paregoric or Camphorated opium tincture is
  classed as an antiperistaltic.
• Usual dose is 5-10ml 1-4 times a day.

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Poppy seeds

• Poppy seed or Maw seed is the dried seed of
  Papaver somniferum.
• Poppy seeds contain no significant quantity of
  alkaloids contains 50 fixed oil.
• Seed used as food and salad dressing.

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Opium Alkaloids Morphine

• Morphine and its salts are classed as narcotic
  analgesic.
• Strongly hypnotic and narcotic.
• Induces nausea, vomiting, constipation and habit
  formation.
• Dose Morphine Sulfate parentrally is 10mg 6
  times a day.

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Codeine

• Most widely used opium alkaloid. It may be either
  obtained from opium (0.2 to 0.7).
• Prepared from morphine by methylation.
• From thebaine by demethylation.

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Codeine Uses

• Narcotic analgesic and antitussives.
• As sedative especially in allaying coughs.
• It is considerably less toxic and involves much
  less danger of habit formation.
• Dose
• Usual doses of codeine phosphate and Codeine
  sulfate are
• As analgesic 15-60 mg every 4 hrs.
• As antitussive10-20 mg every 4-6 hrs.

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Heroine

• Diacetyle morphine or heroine is formed by the
  acetylation of morphine.
• Danger of habit formation its manufacture in the
  United States is forbidden by law and its use in
  medicine has been discontinued.

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Apomorphine HCl

• Preparation
• When Rejected?
• Used as an emetic and is particularly valuable in
  cases of poisoning because it may be administered
  SC.
• Dose SC is 100µg/Kg of body weight. (Max 6mg)

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Papaverine

• Occurs naturally in opium to the extent of about
  1.
• Used as Smooth muscle relaxant and an antitussive
  in combination with Codeine sulfate.
• Dose Orally 150 mg, IM 30 mg.
• As antitussive 15mg.
• Products Pavabid, Pavadyl, Copavin (Comb.)

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Hydromorphone HCl

• Morphine derivative
• Use powerful narcotic analgesic.
• Dose 2 mg every 4 hrs
• Product Chief ingredient in Dilaudid cough
  syrup.
• Side effects

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Hydrocodone bitartarate or Dihydrocodeinone
bitartarate

• Codeine derivative
• Use As an antitussive
• Dose 5-10mg, 3 to 4 times a day.
• e.g. Dicodid and Codone

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Noscapine

• Commonly called Narcotine and Anarcotine.
• Antitussive.
• Dose 15mg up to 4 times a day.
• Available in syrup and chewable tablets. e.g.
  Conar and Theo-Nar.

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Opioid Analgesics

• What Opioid term indicates?

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References

• Pharmacognosy by Varro E Tyler, 10th Edition,pp.
  195-261
• Trease and Evans, Pharmacognosy, 16th Edition pp.
  353-415.
• Pharmacognosy by CK Kokate, 39th Edition,
  Pp.460-530
• www.google.com