The Roman

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The Romans From Humble Beginnings to Conquest
World History
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Founders of RomeRomulus and Remus
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Importance of Geography

• Located on the Italian Peninsula, have good soil,
  and rivers (Tiber).

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Origins

• Originally ruled by Cruel Etruscans, they fight
  for independence.
• They establish a republic after years of conflict
  between the Patricians (rich landowners) and
  Plebeians (commoners)
• See chart on page 157.

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ROMAN REPUBLIC AND EMPIRE

• Rome expands outward from Italy through warfare
  and conquering her neighbors.
• Government by law and through elections.

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Carthage vs. RomeThe Three Punic Wars

• Rome from Italy and Carthage from North Africa
  fight for supremacy in the Mediterranean region
  in the Third Century BCE.
• After three wars, Rome finally wins and Carthage
  is destroyed.

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The First Punic War (264-241 BCE)

• Expanding Roman Republic comes into conflict with
  Carthage.
• First Punic War (264 BCE) starts over Sicily.
• Romans build ships to fight superior navy of
  Carthage.
• Romans win and drive Carthaginians out of Sicily.

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Military/Geographical Context

• Carthage territories lost in the First Punic War.
• Rome and Roman Confederates.
• Carthage controlled territories.

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The Second Punic War (218-201 BCE)

• The Carthaginian General Hannibal invades Italy
  from the north through Spain and the mountains of
  Switzerland.
• Hannibal destroys much of Italy for 15 years, but
  is unable to conquer city of Rome.

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• Romans attack Carthage, Hannibal returns to
  Africa to defend country, loses at the Battle of
  Zama.
• Carthage loses war, agrees to pay large sum of
  money and give up all territories.

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Hannibal in Alps.
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2nd Punic WarRome Victorious

• 2nd Punic War

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Hannibal and troops pass through the Swiss Alps.
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The Third Punic War (149-146 BCE)

• After 50 years of peace, Carthage begins to show
  signs of power again (although very slight), and
  the Roman senator Cato calls for an attack.
• Romans attack Carthage to crush it once and for
  all.
• They burn Carthage to the ground, plow salt into
  the ground, and kill or sell into slavery all the
  Carthaginians.
• Rome is leading power in the Mediterranean area.

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• With the last Punic War and the end of Carthage,
  Rome will be lords of the Mediterranean, and will
  build one of the most dominate empires the world
  has ever seen.
• What makes this possible?

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The Military

• Spreads Roman laws and customs all over the
  empire.
• Conquests lead to prosperity and wealth, as well
  as expansion.
• It will not be long until the army realizes its
  true power.

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Years of Prosperity (for some)

• Wealth flows into Rome in the years that follow
  the Punic Wars (but to whom)
• Corruption and creed led to further conflict
  between the rich and the poor
• Civil war Breaks out and leads to a drastic
  change in Rome

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Julius Caesar(100-44 BCE)
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Julius Caesar - Rise

• The expansion of Rome brings problems
• growing gap between rich and poor (plebes and
  patricians),
• economic problems, political instability.
• Patricians and plebes come into serious conflict.

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• Caesar enacts land reforms,
• improves calendar,
• makes more people citizens,
• encourages the freeing of slaves, improves
  government.

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Julius Caesar - Governance

• A successful general in France, Julius Caesar
  comes back to Rome with a powerful army,
• pursues enemies, and defeats them.
• Popular with soldiers and people.
• In 46 BCE, Caesar is declared dictator of Rome.

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Julius Caesar - Fall

• Caesar did much for the Rome, but many Romans -
  especially patricians - were afraid of him and
  his almost unlimited power.
• It is said that a soothsayer stopped Caesar on
  the way to the Senate and warned, Caesar, beware
  the Ides of March!He pays him no attention.

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• About 60 men, most of them senators, worked out a
  plan to kill Caesar. As he entered the Senate on
  March 15, 44 BCE, Caesar stabbed to death by
  conspirators.
• Assassination brings more civil war and
  instability to Rome. Caesarism means end of the
  Republic and beginning of Empire Emperors lead
  Empire after.

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Pax Romana

• The Emperor Augustus came to power after Caesar
  (His name was Octavian, battled with Marc Antony
  and Cleopatra and won).
• He made no new conquests, but brought peace and
  prosperity to the Roman Empire. Money through
  trade flowed to Rome and culture flourished.

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Advantages/Disadvantages to Pax Romana

• Must serve in Roman Army and pay numerous special
  taxes to Rome.
• Loss of independence.
• Advantages to Pax Romana end to inter-tribal
  warfare, defense from external aggression, use of
  Roman public works (roads, bridges, aqueducts,
  etc.), economic unity, prestige of Rome.
• Become allies of Rome, with possibility of Roman
  citizenship and voting rights.

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Extent of Roman Empire
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Last Great Roman Emperor

• Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelias
• His death marks the end of the Pax Romana.
• Rome would be on its heals from this point
  forward.