Design for Green Building

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Design for Green Building

• Corinne Marzullo
• April 23, 2001

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• Why build green
• Benefits
• Materials
• Case studies
• Conclusions

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Why Build Green

• U.S. consumes 20,000 pounds per year of active
  materials
• Active materials include
• Virgin forest products
• Fuels
• Steel
• Glass
• Cement
• Plastics

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Why Build Green

• 90 become waste in less than one year
• Non-hazardous industrial waste could be reduced
  from 11 billion tons to 4.5 billion tons by
  design decisions and improved recycling

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Benefits of Building Green

• Reduce environmental impact
• Respect their sites
• Use fresh water efficiently
• Good indoor air quality
• Resource and energy efficient
• High environmental performance
• Make use of construction material wisely
• More durable/less maintenance
• Lower operating costs

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Respect Their Sites

• Well-designed building
• Shape and orientation
• optimized to take advantage of sunlight, site,
  and natural features
• Oriented on an east-west axis
• Existing buildings can benefit from the landscape
• Deciduous trees along a southwest to northwest
  feature can reduce the impact of solar heat gains

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Use Fresh Water Efficiently

• Homes use hundreds of gallons of water each day
• Reduce water use by about half compared to homes
  constructed in 1980s
• Low-flush toilets
• Well insulated hot water piping
• Low-flow shower heads and faucets
• Dishwashers and clothes washers that have
  water-miser features

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Efficient Use of Fresh Water Contd.

• Main solar heated tank
• Instantaneous water heaters
• Planned plumbing
• Catchment systems
• Use native plants with high drought resistance
• Use drought resistant grass
• Use lawn chemicals and fertilizer sparingly

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Good Indoor Air Quality

• Free of unhealthy levels of indoor air pollutants
  
• Radon gas
• Excess moisture
• Mold and mildew
• Formaldehyde
• Passive tobacco smoke
• Particles and dust
• Mite allergen

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Good Indoor Air Quality Contd.

• Low cost ventilation techniques
• Boost indoor air quality
• Benefit allergy sufferers
• Reduces their discomfort
• Lower air leakage and fewer spores, pollen
  grains, and less duct

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Reduce Energy Waste

• Air tight construction
• High levels of insulation
• High performance windows and doors
• Using efficient electric lighting and plug-in
  appliances
• Upgrading to high efficiency furnaces, heat
  pumps, and boilers

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Reduce Energy Waste Contd.

• Building orientation
• Collect winter solar heat
• Avoid summertime sun
• Solar energy
• provides a significant amount of natural light
• passive solar heat gain
• natural ventilation
• Up to 65 75 of utility bills could be saved
  compared to a conventional home

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Conventional Homes

• Misuse water, energy, and materials
• Not oriented for passive solar heating
• Poorer indoor air quality
• Use toxic substances
• Not designed for re-use and disassembly

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Materials to be Chosen

• Value-engineered products
• Advanced framing and composite truss joists
• Durable materials
• Thermal mass
• Natural materials
• No exposure to toxic or dangerous working
  conditions

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Materials to be Chosen

• Products not heavily packaged
• Reduce waste
• Minimize construction site and landfill disposal
  problems
• Water-based paints, adhesives, sealants, and
  finishes
• Reduce use of petrochemicals
• Simplifies cleanup

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Dimensional Lumber

• Wood used in constructing the wall, floor, and
  roof framing
• Advantages of wood
• Tolerant to novices
• Very attractive
• Special tools are not needed
• Disadvantages
• Termite or moisture failure

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Engineered Wood

• Recycled wood materials
• Laminated wood chips
• Strands and fingerjointing
• Products
• I-beams
• Laminated beams
• Fingerjointed studs

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Engineered Wood Contd.

• Advantages
• Waste wood and entire trees can be used
• Minimizes waste
• Uses smaller dimensional wood
• Less than 2x10
• Allows smaller trees to be used
• Higher tolerances in stability, consistence,
  straightness, and strength are more precise than
  dimensional lumber
• Maintenance free
• Slip resistant
• No warping, splintering, cracking, rotting, or
  refinishing

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Engineered Wood Contd.

• Disadvantages
• General public is not aware of this product
• Cost is higher than for standard lumber unless
  ordered in large quantity
• Limited sources
• Cost will go down as public becomes more aware
• Highly competitive because of labor savings and
  reduced job site waste

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Composite Decking
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Engineered Sheet Materials

• Made of recycled content or reconstituted
  materials
• Recycled content sheet products
• Include any percentage of recycled material
• newsprint
• Agricultural byproducts
• Wood waste
• Reconstituted materials
• Use chipped or stranded small-diameter trees
• Bound together into forms suitable for building

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Engineered Sheet Materials Contd.

• Examples
• Hardboard made from waste wood
• Wallboard made from perlite, gypsum, and recycled
  post-consumer newsprint
• 100 recycled newsprint fiberboard
• Fiberboard made from straw

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Engineered Sheet Materials Contd.

• Advantages
• Most of the products are derived from
  manufacturing processes which are more
  material-efficient than past processes
• Newer recycled content and reconstituted
  materials are fabricated in modern facilities
  that are efficient and compliant with strict
  environmental regulations
• Disadvantages
• Cost more than traditional sheet materials
• Shipping costs for small quantities are quite
  expensive

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Engineered Siding

• Reconstituted and recycled content
• Steel and aluminum
• Primarily fabricated from recycled material
• Advantages
• Offers superior longevity compared to wood siding
• Require much less energy in a recycled form
• Steel is a strong, termite resistant,
  nonrenewable resource
• Offers some fire protection
• Cost is competitive

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Flyash Concrete

• Defined by the ACE Committee 116 as the finely
  divided residue resulting from the combustion of
  ground or powdered coal, which is transported
  from the firebox through the boiler by flue
  gases
• By-product of coal-fired electric generating
  plants

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Flyash Concrete Contd.

• Technical Benefits of using high volume flyash
• Higher compressive strength over time
• More durable concrete
• Less permeable concrete
• Less shrinkage
• Less creep
• Lower heat of hydration
• Less migration of bleed water to the slab surface
• Better pumpablilty

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Flyash Concrete Contd.

• Technical drawbacks
• Slower rate of compressive strength gain
• May be more difficult to finish
• One more product to control at the point of
  batching
• Environmental and non-technical benefits
• Costs less than cement
• Saves the energy required for making cement
• Reduces the emissions of global warming gasses
• Usefully employs a waste product

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Earth Materials

• Brick Stone products
• Caliche
• Soil blocks
• Rammed earth

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Locally Available Earth Materials

• Advantages
• Reduces energy costs and materials costs due to
  reduced transportation costs
• Brick and stone
• aesthetically pleasing
• Durable
• Low maintenance
• Provide excellent thermal mass
• Can be used to provide radiant heat for interior
  use
• Weather well which eliminates the need for
  refinishing and sealing

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Earth Materials Contd.

• Caliche block
• Soft limestone material
• used for applications similar to brick and stone
• Special structural and finishing characteristics
• Rammed earth
• Walls made from moist, sandy soil
• 30 clay and 70 sand
• Advantages of both
• used for structural walls
• offer great potential as low-cost material
  alternatives with low embodied energy
• Can be produced on-site
• fireproof

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Cost for Earth Materials
Brick Approx. 2 per square foot (4 inch diameter) and up depending on thickness
Stone 4 to 15 per square foot (material) depending on type
Compressed Soil Block Approx. 1.80 per square foot (9 inches thick)
Earth Block made from Labor-intensive Methods Cost is significantly less
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Floor Coverings

• Carpeting and padding
• Cement materials
• Stone and Marble
• Sheet goods
• Vinyl and linoleum
• Tile
• Rubber
• Cork
• Wood

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Carpeting and Padding

• Recycled-content carpeting
• PET
• Nylon
• Wool
• Recycled-content padding
• Old padding
• Reclaimed carpet fibers
• Rubber-based recycled padding

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Carpeting and Padding

• Advantages
• Materials avoid landfill
• PET
• Durable
• Stain resistant
• Nylon
• Durable
• Aesthetically pleasing
• Wool
• Durable
• Flame resistant
• Provides excellent indoor environmental quality

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Carpeting and Padding

• Disadvantages
• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
• Present in the binders
• Formaldehyde Outgassing
• Rubber-based recycled padding can outgas
• Excellent medium for dust mites and microbial
  agents
• Carpet emissions will dissipate within 48-72
  hours with proper ventilation

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Alternatives to Commercialized Carpets

• Carpet tiles with tackless installation
• Aid in spot replacement
• Longer life
• Fusion-bonded carpets
• Use heat instead of adhesives
• Reduces VOCs

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Natural Carpets

• Made from grasses, cotton, and wool
• Advantages
• Minimal treatment
• Use renewable resources
• Durable
• Aesthetically pleasing
• Disadvantages
• Costly

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Cementitious Materials

• Provide opportunities for integrating the floor
  finish with the building structure
• Durable
• Low maintenance
• Provide the opportunity for using recycled
  materials

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Stone and Marble

• Low-embodied-energy materials
• Low maintenance
• Durable
• Regional sources save transportation costs

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Sheet Goods

• Available in rolls or tiles
• Require adhesives for installation
• Vinyl and Linoleum
• Advantages
• Low cost
• Durable
• Low maintenance
• Disadvantages
• Extremely difficult to recycle

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Sheet Goods Contd.

• Recycled-content tile
• Waste glass
• Light bulbs and auto windshields
• Byproduct of feldspar mining
• Higher priced than average tile products
• Rubber
• Highly recycled content
• Cork
• Excellent sound-absorbing material
• recyclable

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Recycled Tire Rubber Flooring
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Cork Floor Tiles
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Wood

• Provide optimal environmental benefits
• Renewable and long lasting material
• Easy maintenance
• Aesthetically pleasing
• Reuse and disassembly

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Bamboo Flooring
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Roofing Materials

• Shingles, tile, and roof panels
• Slate, clay, and cementitious roof materials
• Advantages
• Very durable
• Disadvantages
• Very heavy
• Clay roof materials are costly
• Fiber-cement composite roof materials
• Advantages
• Lighter (325-500 pounds per square)
• Use fiber materials resourcefully
• Some use waste paper and wood fiber
• 60-year warranties

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Roofing Materials Contd.

• Metal roof materials
• Steel and aluminum
• Advantages
• Contain high percentages of recycled content (up
  to 100 in many aluminum products)
• Shingle appearance
• Easily recycled
• Lightweight
• Durable
• Disadvantages
• Requires premium metal coatings, factory-finished
  panel, or watertight construction detailing when
  used for housing

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Roof Materials Contd.

• Asphalt shingles
• Advantages
• Up to 25 recycled content
• Mixed paper in the base
• Reclaimed minerals in the surface aggregate
• Disadvantages
• Weigh approx. 230 pounds per square
• Not easily recycled
• Typical life is 20-30 years

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Eco-Shake

• 100 recycled materials
• Reinforced vinyl
• Cellulose fiber
• Designed to resemble and replace wood shake
  shingles
• Does not crack, fade, or curl
• Requires no maintenance
• 50 year warranty

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Structural Wall Panels

• Structural insulated building panel
• Foam sandwiched in between two panels of
  structural sheathing material
• Foam is similar to a foam coffee cup
• 6 12 inches thick
• Replace standard stud/insulation/sheathing wall
  system
• Fabricated with 3 types of foam cores
• Molded expanded polystyrene (MEPS)
• Extruded polystyrene (XEPS)
• Urethane (polyurethane and polyisocyanurate)

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Structural Wall Panels Contd.

• Structural sheathing material
• Plywood
• Waferboard
• Oriented strand board (OSB)
• Sheetrock
• Metal

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Structural Wall Panels Contd.

• Advantages
• Environmentally friendly
• Very effective insulating qualities
• Rapid installation
• Consistent quality which minimizes waste
• Oriented strand board uses fast growing trees
  which can not be used for dimensional lumber
  specifications
• Disadvantages
• Cost for material alone
• 1.75 to 2.75 per square foot or higher
• Slightly higher than conventional framing costs

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Windows

• Fingerjointed windows
• Use small pieces of wood
• Need to be painted for aesthetic reasons
• Recycled windows
• Reuse of salvaged windows
• Windows of recycled content

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Windows Contd.

• Glazing systems
• Single pane, double glazed, triple glazed, low-E,
  and gas filled
• Determine R value
• Light transmission characteristics
• Window style
• Double hung, casement, awning
• Indicate operating characteristics

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Windows Contd.

• Window frames
• Wood
• Advantages
• Natural product
• Moderate insulator (R1 per inch)
• Disadvantages
• Requires some maintenance
• Vinyl
• Advantages
• Lifetime free maintenance
• Disadvantages
• Uses nonrenewable petroleum source for extrusion

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Windows Contd.

• Window frames
• Aluminum
• Advantages
• Lifetime free maintenance
• Disadvantages
• Oxidize over the years

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Green Home in Bowie, MD

• 225,000
• Two-story 3,600 square feet
• Foundation-forming system
• Factory manufactured wall system in PA
• Includes recycled polystyrene
• Foam - 2 inches thick
• Superior wall
• Extremely dense
• Resistant to moisture
• Concrete support studs
• Long lived product
• Put on gravel footer that drains well

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Green Home in Bowie, MD

• Walls
• Autoclaved aerated concrete block
• Uses aerated silicate
• Very resistant to moisture and heat
• Require little maintenance
• Wallboard
• 70 gypsum and 30 recycled metal

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Green Home in Bowie, MD

• Exterior walls
• Autoclaved aerated concrete block only
• R-value is low
• House is tight
• Wall insulation
• Spray applied
• Recovered newspaper
• Not super insulated
• Wood siding
• Recovered wood fiber
• Waste wood byproducts

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Green Home in Bowie, MD

• Completed steel frame
• Made largely from recycled metal
• Insulating board
• Contains recycled polystyrene materials
• Metal roof
• Extremely long lived
• Requires little maintenance
• South portion was laminated
• Roofing panels
• Lightweight cedar-shake Nailite
• Resin from recycled old computer housings

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Green Home in Bowie, MD

• Windows
• Exterior
• Low-E argon vinyl
• Require little maintenance
• Interior
• Wood
• 50 sawdust
• 50 polyethylene from recycled plastic grocery
  bags
• Requires painting

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Green Home in Bowie, MD

• Heating system
• Complete heat system by Lennox
• Hot water tank
• Domestic
• Coil system
• One burner
• 93 efficient
• Water heater and furnace
• One unit
• Same high efficiency

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Green Home in Bowie, MD

• Power display output system
• 1.6 kW system
• Charges batteries or parallels the utility grid
• Net metering
• 30 40 energy savings

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Green Home in Bowie, MD
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DEP South Central Regional Headquarters in
Harrisburg

• 5,700,000
• Construction only
• 73,000 square foot high-performance green
  building
• Reused the brownfield site
• DOE2 computer simulations
• Optimized building systems
• Energy budget cut in half compared to a
  conventional office building

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DEP South Central Regional Headquarters

• Low velocity, individually controlled air volumes
• Delivered at floor level through Krantz diffusers
• Provides cool/warm airflow at around 6 6
  above finished floor
• Maximizes electrical flexibility
• State-of-the-art quick-release cabling and floor
  boxes
• Comfortable, productive work environment

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DEP South Central Regional Headquarters

• Ceiling plan
• 9 foot ceiling height
• Acts as a reflecting surface for pendant mounted
  indirect illumination
• Lighting system
• Task and ambient
• Reduced from 100 foot-candles to 30 foot-candles
• Reduces energy consumption by 50

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DEP South Central Regional Headquarters

• High performance features
• Integrated mechanical, lighting, and ventilation
  systems
• Good air quality
• Good thermal quality
• Increase in occupant comfort and productivity
• Gas fired adsorption chiller
• No compressor
• No ozone-depleting refrigerants

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DEP South Central Regional Headquarters

• Other high performance features
• Desiccant wheel for dehumidification/humidificatio
  n recovery
• Eliminates the need for energy inefficient
  humidification control systems
• Displace 25 tons of the latent cooling load
• High performance operable windows
• Argon filled low-E glass
• Increases insulating capacity

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DEP South Central Regional Headquarters

• Other high performance features
• T8 fluorescent lamps
• Electronic ballasts
• Strategically located motion sensor switching
• Reduce electrical power consumption
• Armstrong high reflectance ceiling tiles
• 10 more reflective than conventional ceiling
  tiles

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DEP South Central Regional Headquarters

• Ceramic tiles
• no toxic substances or waste
• 70 recycled post-industrial and post-consumer
  glass in a ceramic matrix
• Carpet
• Nearly 100 recyclable
• Wall finishes
• Cork tiles
• Carlisle single-ply roofing membrane
• Mechanically fastened
• Minimized use of solvent-based chemical adhesives

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DEP South Central Regional Headquarters

• Other materials used
• Recycled structural steel
• Solvent-free water-based, non VOC-emitting paint
• Recycled asphalt
• Acrylic concrete sealer
• Eliminates off-gassing in the underfloor supply
  air plenum
• Window blinds
• Minimize solar heat gain
• Maintain high levels of visual access to exterior
  views

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DEP South Central Regional Headquarters
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Conclusions

• Promotes
• Reducing waste
• Implementing recycling
• Using renewable materials and energy sources
• Implementing a better way of manufacturing
• Directly benefits you
• Energy efficiency up to 75 savings
• Ease on natural resources
• High level of comfort
• Better value when you sell