Andr

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E
R
U
C
A
European Council for Automotive RD
André RAULT General Secretary Mid and Long Term
Powertrains Evolution Associated Fuels
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EUCAR Presentation

• What is EUCAR ?
• Present Research Activities and Trends in
  Powertrain
• EUCAR Vision on Future Powertrain
• EUCAR Scenario of Future Powertrain and
  associated Fuels

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EUCAR Members
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Precompetitive Working Themes
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European Approach to CO2 Reduction
CO2 g/km
190
CO2perate CO2 RD
140
120
1998
2004
Year
2003 Review
2012
1995
2008
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Monitoring the CO2 Emission Reduction
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Today the Powertrain has to be viewed as a
complete system à Engine - Transmission -
Powertrain Management - Materials - Fuels
Engine, Transmission
Additional Needs
and
specify
Demands
Control Systems Overall Power Train Management

• Legislation
• Emissions
• CO2
• Customer Demands
• Driving Pleasure /
• Agility
• Consumption
• Comfort

Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment
Materials -Light Weight -Reduced Friction -New
Materials for higher Demands
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Potential of Internal Combustion Engines
100 95 90 85 80 75 70
65 60
Under condition of EURO IV
Spread
Fuel Consumption ( )
PFI
GDI l 1
PFI Down sized TC
VVT
GDI l gt 1
DI
DI increased injection pressure
HCCI (laboratory status)
Gasoline engines
Diesel engines
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The Hybrid - between conventional car and
electric car
Split-Hybrid
Through the Road-Hybrid
The Hybrid will succeed if it can reach a
Win-Win-Win-Situation between Legislation ó
Customer ó Costs
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EUCAR Vision of the Future

• The coming views of future powertrain trends have
  been consensually established by the EUCAR
  Powertrain experts group constituted of all
  member companies

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Overall powertrain strategy
Fuel Cell Propulsion
diversification
Hybrid Propulsion
Mild Hybrid Propulsion (ICE plus small electric
drive)
conventional combustion engines
advanced combustion engines and drive train (plus
Starter/Generator, Light weight design,
FC - APU)
today
tomorrow
The recent strategy of expanding the vehicle
range will be applied to expand the powertrain
options in the future
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Emission reduction and legislation needs
Energy resources and reduction of CO2 will gain
importance
Emission reduction and legislation focus
Emission
100
Diesel HDT PM, NOx
Energy
80
60
Diesel PC HCNOx, CO
Greenhouse Effect, CO2
40
20
Exhaust Emission HC, CO, NOx, PM
1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010
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Different technologies for different markets?
Legislation for Heavy Duty Trucks
US market no urea desired, Denox DPF (EGR)
preferred (4 - 5 increase of fuel consumption)
EU market SCR technology (urea/NH3), combined
sytem preferred
EGRDPF DENOX 0,65
EGR (20) DPF 0,9 DENOX 0,9
EGR w/o DPF
US
Comb. Heterogeneous /HCCI DENOX 0,9 (DPF)
comb. system
?
h
h
EUROPE
SCR
0,65...0,70
SCR
0,80...0,85


2003
2004
2005
2007
2008
2010
2012
2014
year
EURO 4
EPA
EPA
EPA
legislation
EURO 5
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Statements
? With EURO IV legislation in 2005, the vehicles
emissions are reduced to a level with a
negligible impact on environment. The
effective emissions are almost zero.
Beyond EURO IV there will be no need for further
emission legislation.
? After 2005 the RD activities will bring the
fuel efficiency and CO2 emissions into focus.
? The demand is only one aftertreatment
technology for all markets.
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Future main technology fields
Internal combustion engine
Fuels and lubes
Drive train transmission
Exhaust gas aftertreatment
Overall powertrain management
? Increase efficiency and reduce raw emissions ?
Develop complex aftertreatment systems ? Develop
modern clean fuels and lubes
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Main ICE technologies to reduce energy consumption
Advanced combustion process
Variable Valve Timing
Valve Lift mm
PRE
MAIN
AFTER
PILOT
POST
Multiple Injection
DI
HCCI / CAI
and combinations

Transmission
Supercharging and downsizing
120
standard naturally aspirated engine
80
supercharged range
Torque
Capacity reduction
40
Aspirating map downsized engine
0
rated-
idle-
Toroidal-CVT
Automated manual transmission
Revolutions 1/min
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Main technology trends - IC engines (PC)
Diesel Gasoline
Market Introduction 2005
2010 2015
2020
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Main technology trends - Diesel engines (HDT)
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System integration - the key to success
Internal Combustion Engine
Electric/Electronic Management
System
Integration
Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment
Transmission
Automated Manual Transmission
Integrated adaptive systems fulfil customer
demands and further legislations
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Statement
Propulsion systems using ICEs will demonstrate
their potential for meeting future needs -
minimal emissions - drastically reduced fuel
consumption - high efficiency - good driving
performance by exploiting the RD activities
on - adaptive control systems for integrated
powertrain management - new combustion
processes - hybridization of internal combustion
engines (mild hybrid) - advanced materials
for higher performance (light weight, high
temperature/ pressure resistance, etc.)
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Why fuel cell vehicles?
customer
Greenhouse effect (hydrogen)
environment / society
vehicle
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Comparison between fuel cell and combustion
engine Efficiency - well to wheel -
Internal Combustion Engine
Fuel Cell
today until 2003 after 2010
30
25
20
Efficiency in NEDC
15
10
5
ICE gasoline
ICE Diesel
ICE MeOH
FC CH2
FC LH2
FC MeOH
0
Source DC, Dr. Fortnagel, 13 th International
Conference Engine Environment, AVL, Graz,
September 2001
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Fuel cell vehicles worldwide
10.000.000 1.000.000 100.000 10.000 1.000
100 10
Population/Forecast
Test-phase Niche-phase
Production-phase
1995 2000 2005
2010 2015
2020
Source FH Gelsenkirchen, Prof. Dudenhöfer Audi,
10. Aachener Kolloquium
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Statements
? Fuel-cell vehicles have still a long
development-path to go (weight costs
reduction, maturing the technologies),
production start not before 2015
? Hydrogen is only meaningful in the mobile
applications, if all technological and
economical barriers have been overcome ( past
2020)
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Conclusion
? today best in consumption (high efficiency)?
need for further reduction of NOx and PM
emissions
Diesel engine
? meets high requests on emissions? need for
further reduction of CO2 (consumption)
Gasoline engine
? promotion of the combustion engines through
combinations with electric drives ? battery-and
storage-technologies
Hybrid
? best solution for the environment if
hydrogen is available? costs, infrastructure,
fuel storage
Fuel cell
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Future scenario in Europe

• Beyond the year 2010, the share of engines
  depends mainly on
• ã legislation
• ã availability of mature new technologies
• ã infrastructure of alternative fuels (CNG,
  Methanol, Hydrogen)
• ã availability of modified / synthetic fuels and
  lubricants
• ã costs and customer acceptance
• For the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
• the diversity of solutions and technologies will
  continue.

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Future scenario in Europe
Future Share of Engines (Passenger Cars)
Fuels
100 80 60 40 20
with CAI supercharging
Starter/generator DI-Gasoline and
VVA ? and/or VCR ? and combinations
w/o CAI

• Oil based
• fuels
• Improved fuels
• Clean fuels
• Designed fuels

Conventional (MPI)
GASOLINE
Market Share ()
Internal Combustion Engine starter / battery
Gasoline/Diesel Engine with Starter/Generator
with HCCI supercharging
DI-Diesel Starter/generator and VVA /
multiple injection? w/o HCCI
DIESEL

• Gas based fuels
• CNG
• GTL fuels

Hybrid
Bio-fuels
IDI
Fuel Cell
Hydrogen
Model Year 2000
2005 2010 2015
2020 Year 2020