Atoms, Molecules, Ions, Acids, Bases, Buffers, pH

1
Chemistry Basics

• Atoms, Molecules, Ions, Acids, Bases, Buffers, pH

2
General Chemistry Terms

• See pgs. 26-41
• Chemistry
• Science that deals with structure of matter
• Refers to the physiology side of this class
• Matter 3 types (solid, liquid and gas)

3
Atoms

• Atom
• Smallest stable
  unit of
  matter
• Three subatomic
  particles
• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons

4
Atoms (continued)

• Can you calculate the number of protons, neutrons
  and electrons for ANY element on the periodic
  table?
• REMEMBER
• Protons Atomic
• Electrons of protons
• Neutrons Atomic Mass minus Atomic
• If protons are not equal to electrons the atom is
  now known as an ion
• Cation () and Anion (-)

5
Chemical Bonds

• Remember how to bond various atoms with other
  atoms????
• The bonding capability is based on the Group
  Number found at the top of each of the columns on
  the periodic table
• REVIEW the charges
  associated with each
  group. Remember that
  the 8th group is the
  most STABLE

6
Chemical Bonds (continued)

• Three types of chemical bonds
• Ionic bonds between ions
• Covalent bonds shared electrons
• Hydrogen bonds between two molecules

7
Inorganic Compounds

• Nutrients essential elements and molecules
  normally obtained through diet
• Metabolites all molecules that can be processed
  and broken down by chemical reactions in our
  bodies
• Organic compounds
• C and H form basis
• Inorganic compounds
• Usually do NOT contain C and H atoms as primary
  structure
• Most important in body
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Oxygen (O2)
• Water (H2O)
• Inorganic acids, bases and salts

8
Inorganic Compounds (continued)

• Water accounts for most of your body
  weight.
• Proteins, the key structural and functional
  components of cells, and nucleic acids, which
  control cell structure and function, work only in
  solution with the UNIVERSAL Solvent known as
  Dihydrogen oxide (water).

9
Acid/Base Terminology and the pH (parts per
Hydrogen) Scale

• Hydrogen ions (H) Chemical Bad Boy
• Highly reactive
• Break chemical bonds
• Change shape of complex molecules
• Disrupt cell and tissue functions
• Must be regulated precisely
• pH concentration of H ions in body fluids
• pH Scale 0-14
• Neutral solution with pH of 7
• Acidic solution with pH below 7
• Basic solution with pH above 7

pH of pure water 7 pH of blood 7.35-7.45
10
Blood pH

• pH of blood 7.35-7.45
• QUICK QUIZ So is blood neutral, acidic or
  basic?
• Basic or otherwise known as ALKALINE!
• Large changes in pH of blood can be damaging to
  cells, tissues and functioning
• Acidosis low blood pH (below 7.35)
• Below 7 coma
• Alkalosis high blood pH (above 7.45)
• Above 7.8 uncontrollable, sustained skeletal
  muscle contractions

11
Acids, Bases and Buffersoh my!

• Acid proton donor
• Solute that releases H ions in solution
• Lowers pH of solution
• Example HCl hydrochloric acid in stomach to
  break down food
• Base proton acceptor
• Solute that removes H ions from solution
• Example NaOH sodium hydroxide Drano, lye
• Buffer
• Compounds that stabilize pH of a solution by
  removing or replacing H ions
• Weak acids and bases
• Help maintain pH of body fluids within normal
  limits
• Example Antacid (Alka-Seltzer) NaHCO3 (sodium
  bicarbonate, baking soda)

12
BIOCHEMISTRY

• Living things are mainly composed of four kinds
  of MACROMOLECULES Proteins, Nucleic Acids,
  Carbohydrates and Lipids.

13
PROTEINS

• Structurally helps build certain areas of the
  body that need extra toughness or strength such
  as Keratin in nails and hair or cartilage.
• Chemical messengers to keep the
  brain in contact with the rest of the
  body.

14
NUCLEIC ACIDS

• Stores information and considered the bodys
  blueprint.
• Comes in two varieties, DNA or RNA

15
Carbohydrates

• Provide energy storage
• Simple carbs are known as monosaccharides or
  sugars
• Complex carbs are known as polysaccharides
  or starches
• Composed of
  Carbon and
  Water.

16
LIPIDS

• Long term storage otherwise known as fat
• Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
• Saturated fat has single carbon bonding
• Unsaturated fat
• has double bonded
• carbons

17
THE END