Transition Lecture: Skeletal System Review/Muscular System

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Transition Lecture Skeletal System
Review/Muscular System

• Special features of bone tissue
• Few cells with large amounts of intercellular
  material Matrix

• Special features of muscle tissue.
• Contract
• Extend
• Excitable
• Elastic

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Tissue comparisons

• Special features of bone tissue
• Matrix minerals and salt
• Osteonic system
• Lamella, lacunae
• Osteocytes
• periosteum

• Special features of muscle tissue.
• Elastic fibers myofibrils
• Many nuclei in each cells
• Very long cells
• perimysium

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Tissue comparisons

• Bone is a combination of matrix and cells,
  filled with marrow, blood vessels, nerves and
  surrounded by connective tissue.

• Muscles are organs made up of muscle tissue
  plus connective tissue and nervous tissue.

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Tissue comparisons

• Special features of bone tissue
• Spongy
• Compact (dense)

• Special features of muscle tissue.
• Smooth or
• Straiated
• Voluntary or
• involuntary

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Functions

• Skeletal
• Framework
• Movement
• Protect organs
• Produce blood cells
• Mineral storage

• Muscular
• Movment
• Support
• Heat production

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Attachments

• Skeletal
• head
• Neck
• Spine
• Condyle
• Trochanter
• process

• Muscular
• tendon (mysium)- muscle to bone.
• Attach to processes, spines, etc.

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• Skeletal
• crest -
• fossa -
• foramen
• meatus -
• sinus

• Muscular

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On your muscle man locate the following.

• Axial skeletal muscles
• Occipitalis
• Frontalis
• Orbicularis oculi (think Greek)
• Orbicularis oris (think Greek)
• Temporalis
• Sternoomastoid (aka sternocleidomastoid)

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• Appendicular skeleton
• Brachioradialis
• Tibialis anterior

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Muscular System

• all that moves me
• Reading assignments
• Wingerd pp. 197-208, 231

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I. Muscle tissue

• A. Specialization
• 1. Properties
• a. C - the ability of a cell
  to shorten in length.

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• b. E lity - the ability to receive
  and respond to stimuli.
• c. E bility - the ability of a
  cell to increase in length.
• d. E - the ability to
  return to resting form after contracted or
  stretched.

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• 2. The muscular system skeletal muscle tissue
  and related structures only not smooth or
  cardiac muscle
• a. About 500 different muscles

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• b. Generally ____ to ____ of our body weight
• c. Functions of skeletal muscles.
• 1) M____________ - highly coordinated with
  bones, nerves, joints.

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• 2) S___________ - strengthens skeletal frame
• 3) H___ p________ - as byproduct of
  m__________, body heat maintained.

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• B. Muscle Anatomy - muscles are _______ made up
  of muscle _________ plus c__________ tissue and
  n________ tissue.

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• 1. C_____________ tissues of muscle. Provides
  route for nerves and blood vessels and supports
  each muscle or part of the muscle.
• a. D Epimysium
  sheet or broad band of connective tissue
  surrounding muscles.

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• b. P mysium divides the muscle into
  bundles called f______.
• c. E mysium a very thin covering
  around individual muscle ______.

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• d. T a combination of the 3
  "mysiums" to connect muscle to the p____________.

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• 2. Microanatomy of muscle.
• a. Single cell - muscle f_________ some
  characteristics
• 1) multi__________
• 2) very long and thin (up to .5 meters long and
  .1 mm diameter)

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• b. Special plasma membrane (cell membrane)
  called
• s lemma.
• c. Special cytoplasm called s
  plasm. Contains many m_________________.

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• Special network called
• s plasmic r .
• stores ______________.
• 1) T-tubules - connect sections of sarcoplasmic
  reticulum as well as the sarcolemma.

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• e. Myo - cylindrical cords of
  protein each having a sarcoplasmic reticulum.
• 1) Myo______________
• a) thick filaments - made of the protein
  myosin with small projections.

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• b) thin filaments - made of the protein
  actin, troponin, and tropomyosin

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• 2) Myofilaments form the striations that
  characterizes skeletal muscles.

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• 3. Nerve supply.
• a. motor n the nerve cell
  that carries the action potential (impulse) to a
  muscle fiber. It originates in the spinal cord
  and terminates at the muscle fibers.

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• b. motor u the motor neuron and many
  muscle fibers (25 to 3000) it connects to.

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• c. N muscular j__________
• 1) terminal end of motor neuron

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• 2) the depression in sarcolemma called the
• s cleft.
• a) the motor end plate is the section of
  sarcolemma lining the cleft.

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• d. A - a chemical which
  transmits signals. Located in vesicles of the
  terminal end of the motor neuron.

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• C. Muscle Physiology
• 1. Muscle contraction. - The f______________
  slide.

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• a. How it all begins - Action potential
  (Stimulus, requirement 1)
• 1) A_____ potential arrives at __________
  end of the motor _______.

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• 2) A__________ is released to motor end plate of
  ____________.
• 3) Acetylcholine binds to receptor sites on
  motor _____ ______.

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• 4) P____________ of __ and __ increases and
  a_______ p __________ transfers to the muscles.

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• b. What is happening at the muscle?
• 1) R_______ stage - Ca2 stored in
  s__________ r___________.

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• ATP is bound to _________ (thick filaments)
• 2) Upon stimulus, action potential travels
  down Sarcolemma, down the T-________ and into the
  s__________ reticulum

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• a) The action potential increases permeability
  of sarcoplasmic reticulum to ___2 ,
• b) ___2 released to m____________

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• 3) Ca2 binds to __________ in thin filaments
• 4) A______and t_______ change in shape.
• 5) ______" over binding sites opens.

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• 6) -projection on thick filament called "cross
  bridges" bind to binding sites. - ________ ions
  activate decomposition of ____

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• 7) Breakdown of _____ provides energy for moving
  cross bridges and heat _________.

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• 8) New ____ molecule binds to the _______
  breaking the cross bridge connection.

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• 2. Muscle relaxation. a. A_____________ is
  inactivated by acetylcholin_______.

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• b. ___________ ions are returnd to the
  sarcoplasmic reticulum by active transport.
• c. B________ s____ are once again covered.

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• 3. Energy for contraction. (source Vander,
  Sherman, Luciano page 233-236)
• a. Uses of energy.
• 1) C______ bridge movement

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• 2) C______ bridge breaking
• 3) Return of ________to SR for relaxation.

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• AP TEST only
• b. Source of energy. - Breaking of high-energy
  phosphate bonds from ATP.
• 1) Synthesis of ATP - 3 sources (very little
  is stored in muscle - aerobic cellular
  respiration - amounts for minimal storage )

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• b) creatine phosphate CP ADP ? C ATP
• c) oxidative phosphylation (in mitochondria) -
  O2 Fatty acids ? ATP (needs Oxygen,
  nutrients and enzymes)
• d) glycolysis - glucose and glycogen ATP
  lactic acid (produces ATP rapidly and without
  Oxygen)

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Sourcehttp//vincentimbe.files.wordpress.com/2007
/11/krebs-cycle.jpg
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Part 2 - Muscles

• I. Anatomical terminology
• A. Attachment
• 1. _________ - more stationary bone
  attachement (generally proximal)

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• 2. _________ - more movable bone attachment
  (generally distal)
• 3. Tendon - ___________________________________
  ________________________

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• 4. A____________ - broad sheet of ______
• ____________________ connecting muscles to each
  other or to bone.

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• B. Action
• 1. ______________ agonists - Cause desired
  action
• 2. Antagonists - ____________________
• _____________________

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• 3. S___________ - muscles which steady movement
• 4. F__________ - muscles which stabilize the
  origin of prime mover

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• 5. Flexion (muscle in front of joint, body
  part forward)/ Extension
• 6. Abduction / Adduction

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•  
• 7. Circumduction - circular motion of
  appendage.
• 8. Pronation / Supination
• 9. Inversion / Eversion

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• C. Naming muscles
• 1. By a_________
• a. flexors b. extensors c. abductors
  d. adductors

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• 2. Direction of fibers
• a. R________ - parallel to midline (straight)
• b. T_________ - perpendicular to midline
  (across)

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• c. O_________ - diagonal to midline
  (inclined)

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• 3. L_____________
• a. intercostal - between the ribs
• b. tibialis anterior - in front of the tibia

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• c. temporalis - near the temporal bone
• d. etc.

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• 4. S_________ or s_______
• a. trapezius - trapezoid shape
• b. deltoid - triangular shape
• c. minimus - small, maximus - large, longus
  - long

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• 5. Number of ______________
• a. biceps - two origins b. triceps -
  three origins c. quadriceps - four origins

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• 6. Points of __________
• a. sternocleidomastoid - attached to sternum,
  clavicle, and the mastoid process of the temporal
  bone.

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• III. Muscle Injuries and Disorders
• 1. C_________- bruise of muscle. Blood
  vessels in muscle are broken.
• a. deep
• b. superficial

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• 2. Ectopic ____________ biomineralization in
  soft tissues due to a variety of injuries and
  diseases.
• (can be in heart valves, blood vessels, muscle,
  etc.)

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Calcification over the Right scapula

• Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP)

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3. Hernia
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Inguinal Hernia
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• 4. T_________ - fairly common but painful
  condition that typically is due to repetitive
  stress.

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• 5. M gravis -
• symptoms skeletal muscle weakness and fatique.
  Mostly facial muscles.
• .

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• cause a neuromuscular disease due to decreased
  ACh receptor sites resulting from problem with
  autoimmune system

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• 6. B food poisoning- toxin
  produced by anaerobic bacteria
• symptoms death
• cause blocks release of ACh

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• 7. Muscular dystrophy symptoms progressive
  atrophy of muscle (decrease in size)
• cause genetic but unclear and therefore no cure

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• 8. Tetanus - lockjaw
• symptoms muscle spasms etc. (nervous system
  related)
• cause bacterial toxin attacking the central
  nervous system.

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• 9. Cramps - (skeletal or visceral muscle)
• symptoms involuntary contraction causing
  pain and weakness
• cause extended extreme cold or severe physical
  exertion.

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• Possible reasons for cramps Exact physiology
  remains unknown.
• Dehydration.
• Electrolyte depletion.
• Poor physical conditioning.

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