Title: The Outlook for Mortgage Lenders and Brokers
1 The Outlook for Mortgage Lenders and Brokers and
the Impact of Federal Lending Regulations Marylan
d Association of Mortgage Professionals 2013
Annual Conference March 13, 2013 Jim
Milano milano_at_thewbkfirm.com
1
2CFPB Regulatory Authority
- In January the CFPB issued 7 Final Rules
- January 10
- Ability to Repay (TILA)
- High-Cost Mortgages (HOEPA) Homeownership
Counseling Amendments to TILA RESPA - Escrow Accounts for Higher-Priced Loans (TILA)
- January 17
- Mortgage Servicing under TILA RESPA
- January 18
- Appraisals for Higher-Priced Mortgage Loans
- ECOA Appraisals Requirements
- January 20
- Loan Originator Compensation (TILA)
3Ability to Repay Final Rule
- Scope Overview
- Applies to all consumer credit transactions
secured by a dwelling - Except HELOCs, investment properties (business
purpose loans), timeshare plans, reverse
mortgages, temporary or bridge loans of 12
months or less, or construction-to-permanent loan
with a construction phase of 12 months or less - Creditors must make a reasonable good faith
determination, at or before consummation, that
the consumer will have a reasonable ability to
repay the loan according to its terms - 3 ways to comply
- General ATR Option meet 8 general underwriting
factors - Qualified Mortgage (QM) Option either a safe
harbor from or a rebuttable presumption of
compliance with ATR factors - Includes Temporary QM Balloon QM
- Refinance of a non-standard mortgage into a
standard mortgage - Effective Date January 10, 2014
4Ability to Repay Final Rule
- Penalties
- TILA contains severe penalty provisions for
failure to consider Ability to Repay for
violation of LO compensation qualification
provisions - Consumer may be able to recover special statutory
damages equal to sum of all finance charges
fees paid by the consumer, unless creditor
demonstrates failure to comply is not material
(in addition to actual damages, statutory
damages, and court costs attorneys fees) - Statute of limitations 3 years from date of
violation - Defense by recoupment or set-off in a foreclosure
action by the creditor, any assignee of the
creditor, or anyone acting as servicer on behalf
of the holder of the loan - No time limit on use of defense, but consumer
cannot recover more than first 3 years of finance
charges fees plus actual damages fees
(including reasonable attorneys fees) - Recordkeeping will be crucial for evidencing
compliance
5Ability to Repay Final Rule
- General ATR vs. QM
- General ATR
- Must consider verify 8 specific underwriting
factors to make a reasonable good faith
determination of ability to repay using
reasonably reliable third-party records - Creditors are given flexibility in developing
their own underwriting standards changing those
standards over time - But must show determination was reasonable in
good faith - QM
- Provides liability protection either a safe
harbor from or a rebuttable presumption of
compliance with the 8 General ATR factors - But a QM must satisfy product feature
requirements, stricter underwriting standards
points fees limitation - Rule adds Appendix Q to Regulation Z
- Sets forth specific underwriting requirements on
what must be considered for each factor how
factors are used to calculate DTI ratio - Based on FHA Handbook 4155.1 manual underwriting
guidelines
6Ability to Repay Final Rule
- General ATR Option
- Must consider verify 8 ATR underwriting factors
- Borrowers current or reasonably expected income
or assets, except for value of the dwelling that
secures the loan - Borrowers current employment status (assuming
creditor relies on employment income in
determining repayment ability) - Borrowers monthly payment on the covered
transaction, calculated in accordance with the
ATR final rule - Borrowers monthly payment on any simultaneous
loan the creditor knows or has reason to know
will be made, calculated in accordance with the
ATR final rule - Borrowers monthly payment for mortgage-related
obligations - Borrowers current debt obligations, alimony and
child support - Borrowers monthly debt-to-income ratio (DTI) or
residual income, calculated in accordance with
the ATR final rule - Borrowers credit history
7Ability to Repay Final Rule
- General ATR Option
- More flexible underwriting standards than QM
- Income or assets need only consider what is
necessary to support a determination that the
consumer can repay the loan - Verify using third-party records that provide
reasonably reliable evidence of the borrowers
income or assets (e.g., copies of tax-returns,
W-2s, payroll statements, employer records) - Employment status may be full-time, part-time,
irregular, etc. and may be verified orally if
creditor makes a written record of the
conversation - Monthly payment on the covered transaction any
known simultaneous loans must be calculated using
the fully indexed rate or any introductory
interest rate, whichever is greater and monthly,
fully amortizing payments that are substantially
equal - Monthly payment for mortgage related obligations
includes recurring payments such as property
taxes, MIP, HOAs, etc. - Current debt obligations creditor has
significant flexibility to consider debt in light
of attendant facts circumstances, including if
the obligation is likely to be paid off soon
after consummation
8Ability to Repay Final Rule
- General ATR Option (continued)
- More flexible underwriting standards than QM
- DTI Creditors have discretion to determine the
appropriate ratio in making a reasonable good
faith ATR determination - May consider compensating factors such as finding
ATR despite a higher DTI in light of borrowers
other assets - Credit history does not specify which aspects of
credit history must be considered or how aspects
should be weighed - Not required to obtain or consider a consolidated
credit score - Evidence that determination was reasonable in
good faith - Length of time a borrower successfully makes
timely payments without modification or
accommodation - Underwriting standards adopted by the creditor
how it was applied to the facts circumstances
of the loan - Standards were based on statistically sound
models, historically resulted in low rates of
default, applied consistently, etc. - Commentary emphasizes that whether a decision was
reasonable in good faith will be highly
individualized specific to the transaction -
9Ability to Repay Final Rule
- QM Option
- Concern about availability affordability of
credit led to QM standard - QMs must meet the following requirements
- Product features
- Provide regular periodic payments
- Not include negative amortization, interest-only
or balloon features (except for balloon QM) - Loan term of 30 years or less
- Underwriting requirements
- Consider and verify borrowers current or
reasonable expected income or assets current
debt obligations in accordance with Appendix Q - DTI not to exceed 43 calculated using Appendix Q
- Monthly payments calculated based on maximum
interest rate that may apply during first 5 years
of the loan periodic principal interest based
on such interest rate - Points fees not exceeding 3 of the total loan
amount of 100,000 or more, with greater limits
for smaller loans - 60,000 - 99,999 3,000 (indexed for
inflation) - 20,000 - 59,999 5
- 12,500 - 19,999 1,000 (indexed for
inflation) - Less than 12,500 8
10Ability to Repay Final Rule
- QM Option Underwriting Requirements
- Appendix Q sets forth what income debt
creditors must consider when calculating the DTI
ratio - Income can only be used if it comes from a
source that can be verified, is stable, and will
continue (income must be reasonably expected to
continue for at least the first 3 years of
mortgage) - Standards on how to consider employment income
non-employment income, such as - Overtime bonus only if received for the past 2
years will likely continue (creditor must
create an earnings trend) - Part-time seasonal if uninterrupted for past 2
years to continue - Alimony, child support trust income only if
payments are likely to be consistent for first 3
years of mortgage (with strict documentation
standards) - Stricter rules on how to analyze tax
returns/forms records - Employment must verify for most recent 2 full
years borrower must explain any gaps - Must analyze the probability of continued
employment by examining past record,
qualifications, training, education, etc.
11Ability to Repay Final Rule
- QM Option Underwriting Requirements (continued)
- Appendix Q sets forth what income debt
creditors must consider when calculating the DTI
ratio - Debt standards on how to consider
- Recurring obligations (e.g., revolving accounts,
alimony, child support) - Monthly payments on revolving or open-end
accounts included regardless of balance - Debts of less than 10 months included if amount
of debt affects ability to pay during months
after closing - Contingent liabilities (e.g., assumptions,
cosigned obligations) - Projected obligations debt payments to begin or
come due within 12 months of closing (e.g.,
student loan, balloon payment) - DTI calculation cannot exceed 43
- Must include monthly mortgage-related obligations
simultaneous loans that creditors knows or has
reason know about at or before consummation for
the current transaction
12Ability to Repay Final Rule
- QM Option 3 Points Fees Cap
- Points fees includes, if known at or before
consummation - Finance charge items other than interest
- Real estate-related fees paid to lender,
originator, or affiliate of either normally
excluded from the finance charge (e.g., fees for
title insurance, appraisal fees, credit report
fees) - Third party settlement agent fees if the creditor
requires the service or charge, or retains a
portion of the charge - Points charged to consumer to offset loan-level
price adjustments - Credit insurance, debt cancellation premiums
payable at or before consummation - Loan originator compensation (including employee
LOs), paid directly or indirectly by a consumer
or creditor that can be attributed to that
transaction at the time the interest rate is set
13Ability to Repay Final Rule
- QM Option 3 Points Fees Cap
- Points fees does not include
- Third-party charges not retained by the creditor,
originator or an affiliate of either (except
otherwise included mortgage/credit insurance
premiums real estate related fees) - Government mortgage insurance or guarantee fees
- PMI payable after closing the portion of the
up-front PMI premium that is not in excess of FHA
standards if the premium is refundable on a pro
rata basis automatic when loan is paid in full - Bona fide discount points that are knowingly paid
to reduce the rate actually reduces the rate
consistent with established industry practices,
limited to - 2 points if undiscounted rate does not exceed the
APOR by more than 1 percentage point - 1 point if undiscounted rate does not exceed the
APOR by more than 2 percentage points
14Ability to Repay Final Rule
- Temporary QM
- Because of the fragile state of the mortgage
market, CFPB provided for a second, temporary
category of QMs with more flexible underwriting
requirements - Temporary QM must
- Satisfy the general QM criteria for regular
periodic payments, maximum 30 year term, and 3
points fees limit) - Satisfy the underwriting criteria of/eligible for
purchase, insurance or guarantee by - Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac while they operate under
Federal conservatorship or receivership or - HUD, VA, USDA RHS
- Temporary QM will expire on the earlier of
- Date the Federal agency issues its own QM rules
- After 7 years (January 10, 2021)
15Ability to Repay Final Rule
- Special Small Creditor Portfolio Balloon QM
Exception - Standard definition of QM excludes loans with
balloon payments - Exception for small creditors in
rural/underserved areas - Less than 2 billion in assets, originated more
than 50 of transactions in rural or underserved
areas, but fewer than 500 total (with affiliates)
- Loan generally cannot be sold, assigned, or
transferred (unless 3 years after consummation or
to another small creditor) - Balloon QM Requirements
- Satisfy the standard QM requirements except for
prohibitions on balloon payments deferment of
principal - Consider verify current or reasonably expected
income/assets, current debt obligations
DTI/residual income - Determine consumer can make monthly mortgage
payments mortgage-related obligations excluding
the balloon payment - Must have substantially equal scheduled payments
calculated using an amortization schedule that
does not exceed 30 years - Loan term of 5 years or more
- Fixed rate only
16Ability to Repay Final Rule
- QM Liability Protection
- Safe Harbor if QM is not a higher-priced
transaction - APR does not exceed the APOR (Average Prime Offer
Rate) by 1.5 or more percentage points (3.5 or
more for junior lien) - Borrower can always challenge whether loan
actually met the QM standards (i.e., points
fees test, compliance with Appendix Q) - Rebuttable Presumption if QM is a higher-priced
transaction - APR exceeds the APOR by 1.5 percentage points
(3.5 or more for junior lien) - Borrower can rebut presumption by showing
creditor did not make a reasonable, good faith
determination of repayment ability because
consumers income, debt, alimony, child support
monthly payments would leave insufficient
residual income or assets to meet living expenses
other non-debt obligations creditor was aware
of - But the longer borrower is able to pay, less
likely able to rebut - Borrower can again always challenge whether loan
met QM standards
17Ability to Repay Final Rule
- Concurrent Proposal
- CFPB requested comments on the following
- Inclusion of LO compensation in points fees
(proposes alternative calculation methods to
eliminate double counting or over-inclusion) - Raising the APR-APOR triggers for balloon loan
QMs to allow more to reach safe harbor - New QM for smaller creditors that hold mortgages
in portfolio - Proposed exemptions for Federal GSE refinancing
programs, Homeownership Stabilization
Foreclosure Prevention programs certain
non-profit lenders - Comments were due Feb. 25, 2013
18Ability to Repay Final Rule
- Refinance Non-Standard Mortgage into Standard
Mortgage - Exempt from general ATR requirements if
- New creditor is current holder or servicer of the
non-standard loan - New monthly payment is materially lower
- Creditor receives application no later than 2
months after non-standard mortgage has recast - Consumer has made no more than one 30-day late
payment in preceding 12 months no late payment
in preceding 6 months - Creditor must consider whether the consumer is
likely to default on existing non-standard
mortgage when the loan is recast whether
standard mortgage would likely prevent consumers
default - Non-standard mortgage an ARM with an
introductory fixed rate for a period of 1 year or
longer, an interest only loan, or a negative
amortization loan - Standard mortgage
- Provides for regular payments cannot have
negative amortization, interest-only or balloon
payment features - Fixed interest for first 5 years term cannot
exceed 40 years - 3 points fees cap no cash out
19Ability to Repay Final Rule
- Prepayment Fee Restrictions
- Covered transactions cannot include prepayment
fees unless - Fee is otherwise permitted by law APR cannot
increase after consummation - Loan is a QM (standard, temporary, or balloon)
with a safe harbor (i.e., loan is not
higher-priced) - Fee cannot apply after 3rd year following
consummation - Must not exceed 2 of outstanding loan balance
prepaid during first 2 years after consummation - Must not exceed 1 during 3rd year after
consummation - If lender offers loan product with prepayment
fee, then must also offer an alternative with
similar features without prepayment fee - May not structure loan as open-end to circumvent
restrictions - Must document compliance that alternative was
offered - Recordkeeping Requirements
- Records must be kept for 3 years after
consummation - Though records should be retained beyond because
defense to foreclosure claims have no statute of
limitations - Actual paper records not required, as long as
records can be reproduced
20LO Compensation Final Rule
- Loan Originator Standards/Compensation under TILA
- Effective Jan. 10, 2014
- Effective June 1, 2013 for prohibition on
mandatory arbitration financing of credit
insurance - Generally keeps 3 basic principles of the current
provisions - No compensation based on a transactions terms or
a proxy (fixed percentage of amount of credit
extended is allowed) - No dual compensation
- No steering
- Loan Originator definition is expanded to
include referring a consumer to a loan originator
through directed actions that can affirmatively
influence the consumer - The term does not include a person that performs
purely administrative or clerical tasks, real
estate brokers unless compensated by a creditor
or loan originator, servicer employees or
contractors for loan modifications, or seller
financers that meet certain criteria (no more
than 3 properties a year, not a contractor, etc.) - Violations are subject to same TILA penalties as
Ability to Repay
21LO Compensation Final Rule
- Payments Based on Loan Terms or a Proxy for Loan
Terms - Maintains existing prohibition on compensation
based on a term of a transaction or a proxy for a
term - Clarifies the definition of a proxy to focus on
whether - The factor consistently varies with a transaction
term over a significant number of transactions,
and - The loan officer has ability, directly or
indirectly, to add, drop or change the factor in
originating the transaction - Defined Contribution Plans
- Allows for profit-sharing and bonus plans if it
is not based on the terms of the individual
originators transactions AND - Compensation paid in the aggregate does not
exceed 10 of the originators total compensation
during the time period the non-deferred profits
based compensation is paid OR - Originated 10 or fewer transactions during the
previous 12 months - Allows for contributions to designated
tax-advantaged plans if it is not based on the
terms of the individual originators transactions
AND it is one of the enumerated plans in the rule
that meets IRS requirements (annuity plans,
simple retirement accounts, etc.)
22LO Compensation Final Rule
- Pricing Concessions
- Permits decrease in originator compensation to
defray the cost of an unforeseen increase in an
actual settlement cost over an estimated
settlement cost disclosed to the consumer or an
unforeseen actual settlement cost not disclosed
to the consumer - Dual Compensation
- LO cannot receive compensation from both the
consumer the creditor - Allows mortgage brokerage firms paid by the
consumer to pay commissions to their individual
brokers, so long as commission is not based on
transaction terms - Requires that parties closely track document
each payment - Payments from the consumer to the LO include
- Payments to the LO from loan proceeds
- Payments to the LO pursuant to an agreement by a
person other than creditor or its affiliates
(i.e., non-affiliated seller or homebuilder) - Payments from the consumer to the LO do not
include - Payments derived from an increased interest rate
- Funds from the creditor to reduce the consumers
settlement charges, including origination fees
paid by a creditor to the LO - Payments to the creditor, whether paid directly
by the consumer or out of loan proceeds
23LO Compensation Final Rule
- Upfront Points Fees
- Creditors can charge consumers upfront points
fees - CFPB declined to put the proposed No-Point,
No-Fee loan option requirement in the Final Rule - No Point Banks
- CFPB briefly indicated that it believes there are
no circumstances under which point banks are
permissible - Record Keeping Requirements
- Creditors are required to maintain records
sufficient to evidence all compensation paid to
an originator the compensation agreement that
governs those payments for 3 years after the date
of payment - LO organizations have the same requirements plus
records of all compensation received from
creditors, consumers or another party - Personal Liability for Loan Originators for
Violations - Limited to the greater of actual damages or 3
times the total amount of direct or indirect
compensation received, plus costs of the action
reasonable attorneys fees
24LO Compensation Final Rule
- Originator Qualification Screening Standards
- Individual loan originators their employers
must be qualified - Employers must ensure their loan originator
employees are licensed or registered under the
SAFE Act where applicable - Employers of loan originators not required to be
licensed under the SAFE Act must ensure that loan
originators meet character, fitness and criminal
background check standards equivalent to those in
the SAFE Act - Requires the loan originator receive appropriate
training - Requires individual loan originators their
employers names license or registration
numbers to be included on the following mortgage
loan documents - Credit application
- Note or loan contract
- Security instrument
25LO Compensation Final Rule
- Additional Requirements
- More Steering Provisions in the Future
- Dodd-Frank requires the CFPB to prescribe
regulations to prohibit certain kinds of
steering, abusive or unfair lending practices,
mischaracterization of credit histories or
appraisals discouraging consumers from shopping
- CFPB to address such regulations in a future
rulemaking - Ban on Mandatory Arbitration Clauses
- Contract cannot include terms that require
arbitration or any other non-judicial procedure
to settle claims arising from the transaction - Contract cannot be interpreted to bar a consumer
from bringing a claim - Restriction on Financing of Credit Insurance
Premiums - Creditors are not permitted to finance, directly
or indirectly, any premiums or fees for credit
insurance in connection with a covered
transaction - Does not apply to credit insurance paid in full
on a monthly basis or credit unemployment
insurance where premiums are reasonable, paid
pursuant to a separate contract, not paid to an
affiliate of the creditor the creditor receives
no compensation on it
26High-Cost Mortgage Final Rule
- Final Rule for High-Cost Mortgage Homeownership
Counseling - Expands HOEPA coverage (High-Cost Mortgage)
- To include purchase-money loans open-end credit
plans - Reverse mortgages remain excluded
- Revisions to HOEPA triggers
- APR Test Loan APR exceeds the APOR by
- 6.5 percentage points for first-lien mortgages
(8.5 if dwelling is personal property total
transaction amount is less than 50,000) - 8.5 percentage points for subordinate lien
mortgages - Points Fees Test Loan points fees exceed 5
of the total loan amount, or 8 for loans below
20,000 or - Prepayment Penalty Test Loan provides that
creditor may charge - a prepayment penalty more than 36 months after
loan consummation or account opening or - penalties that exceed more than 2 of the amount
prepaid - New restrictions on HOEPA
- Ban fees for modifying loans, cap late fees and
restrict the charging of fees for payoff
statement - Require housing counseling before taking out a
high-cost mortgage - New general RESPA requirement list of
homeownership counseling organizations must be
provided within 3 business days of application - Effective Date Jan. 10, 2014
27Appraisals for Higher-Priced Loans
- Final Rule on Appraisals for Higher-Priced
Mortgage Loans - Final Rule Amends TILA/Reg Z
- Effective Date Jan. 18, 2014
- Before making higher-priced mortgage loan
creditors must - Obtain a written appraisal performed by a
certified appraiser and based on a physical
inspection of a propertys interior - Provide applicant a statement regarding the
purpose of the appraisal at time of application
and a free copy of any written appraisals
obtained 3 business days prior to closing - Obtain a second written appraisal at no cost to
the borrower in connection with certain flipped
properties if - Seller acquired the home less than 180 days
prior, and - New sales price is 10 higher (if seller acquired
less than 90 days prior) or 20 higher (if 91-180
days) - Excludes Qualified Mortgages, open end credit
plans, reverse mortgage loans, initial
construction loans, bridge loans, loans secured
by new manufactured homes transactions secured
by a mobile home, boat or trailer
28ECOA Appraisals Final Rule
- Equal Credit Opportunity Act (Reg B) Appraisals
- Final Rule requires notice and copy of appraisals
- Effective Date Jan. 18, 2014
- Requires creditors to
- Notify applicants within 3 business days of
receiving an application of their right to
receive a copy of written appraisals valuations - Provide applicants a copy of written appraisals
valuations no later than 3 business days before
consummation - Prohibits creditors from charging a fee for
providing a copy of the appraisal or valuation - Requirements apply only to appraisals
valuations made in connection with applications
for loans secured by a first lien on a dwelling
29Escrow Account Final Rule
- Final Rule on Escrow Accounts for Higher-Priced
Mortgage Loans (TILA/Reg Z) - Final rule issued Jan. 10, 2013 (Board issued
Proposed Rule Mar. 2, 2011) - Effective Date June 1, 2013
- Implements Dodd-Frank changes that extend the
length of time escrow accounts must be maintained
for certain higher-priced mortgage loans - Requires accounts to be maintained for at least 5
years (instead of existing 1 year requirement)
for closed-end, higher-priced mortgage loans
secured by a first lien on a consumers principal
dwelling - Account may be cancelled upon termination of the
underlying debt obligation, including by
repayment, refinancing, rescission and
foreclosure - After 5 years, account may be cancelled at
consumers request if (a) the unpaid principal
balance is less than 80 of the original value of
the property, and (b) the consumer is not
currently delinquent or in default - Continued exemption for open-end loans, loans
secured by shares in a cooperative, loans to
finance initial construction of a dwelling,
temporary bridge loans with a loan term of 12
months or less reverse mortgages
30Upcoming Regulatory Changes
- Other Rules on the Horizon
- Integrated Mortgage Disclosures Rule under TILA
RESPA - Final Rule now expected in Sept. 2013
- Proposed 2 new disclosures
- Loan Estimate 3 page replacement for GFE/Initial
TIL - Closing Disclosure 5 page replacement for
HUD-1/Final TIL - Proposed expanded definition of Finance Charge to
include the 4(c)(7) real estate related fees
currently exempt - HMDA Changes
- Not effective until CFPB issues final regulation
- Will require collection of additional data
including points fees, difference between the
loan APR benchmark rate for all loans,
prepayment penalty term, value of any collateral,
loan term in months, applicants age credit
score, originators ID number - Credit Risk Retention (QRM)
- Final Rule expected in 2013
- Requires 5 credit risk retention of all but
least risky mortgages
31Other Hot Regulatory Topics
- CFPB Exams of Non-Bank Mortgage Companies
- Recess Appointment
- Fair Lending
- FHA
- Tighter Requirements
- Higher Premiums
- More Stingy on Claims
- More Enforcement Actions, Indemnification Demands
- Servicing
- More Servicing Regulations, Oversight
- Cost of Servicing will Rise
- Servicing Spreads will Rise
- Rates will Rise
- Advertising Marketing Home Warranties
- RESPA Transferred to the Bureau
- Still No GSE Solution in Sight
32Conclusion
- What Can You Do?
- Make Compliance Your Top Priority
- Company wide, on every level
- System for employees to report problems to
management - Stay Informed
- Be ready for upcoming changes
- Continual Training
- Significant amount of new regulatory requirements
- Work with Integrity No Shortcuts
- Personal responsibility liability
- No second chances
33An Overview and Understanding of The New CFPB
Rules
James (Jim) M. MilanoWEINER BRODSKY KIDER
PC1300 19th Street, NW, 5th FloorWashington, DC
20036Phone 202-628-2000 milano_at_thewbkfirm.com
- Washington, DC Dallas, TX Newport Beach,
CA - www.thewbkfirm.com