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Biomass and Bioenergy

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Biomass and Bioenergy Approaches to Assessing Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential Carly Green 20 November 2003 IEA Bioenergy Task 38 National Meeting - Ireland – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Biomass and Bioenergy


1
Biomass and Bioenergy
  • Approaches to Assessing Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
    Potential
  • Carly Green

20 November 2003
IEA Bioenergy Task 38 National Meeting - Ireland
University College Dublin
2
Introduction
  • What is biomass?
  • Why calculate GHG benefits
  • The Carbon Cycle
  • Options for biomass
  • How are GHG benefits calculated
  • Life Cycle Analysis
  • Case Studies

3
What is biomass?
  • Accumulates in living vegetation following
    photosynthesis
  • Important pool in the carbon cycle
  • Exists in many forms
  • Contributes to other pools within the global
    system

4
The Carbon Budget
(Source Broadmeadow and Matthews, 2003)
5
Greenhouse gas mitigation options
  • Fuel for Energy
  • Dedicated Sources (i.e. by-products of other
    activities)
  • Dependant Sources (i.e. energy crops grown
    specifically for food)
  • Carbon Sink
  • Wood Products

6
Fuel for Energy
  • Long use history (i.e. centuries)
  • Currently contributes 14 to the global energy
    requirements
  • More efficient use through modern technology
  • Solid liquid and gas
  • Capable of replacing all fossil fuel energy forms

7
Fuel for Energy (cont.)
a. CO2 captured by growing crops and forests
b.O2 released and C is stored in the biomass of
plants
c.C in harvested biomass is transported to the
power station
d.Released C from burning biomass is made
available again.
Recycling of carbon Source IEA Bioenergy Task
38
8
Carbon Sink
  • Recent Policy has focused on this option
  • Kyoto Protocol Article 3.3
  • Increase carbon stock in various pools
  • Aboveground / belowground and soil
  • Time Dependant
  • Land use change

9
Carbon Stock Dynamics
10
Wood Products
  • Product replacement
  • Sink
  • Fuel at end of life

11
Why calculate GHG benefits
  • Analyse potential
  • Quantify benefits
  • Compare options
  • Quality decision

12
Life cycle analysis considerations
  • Carbon stock dynamics
  • Trade-offs and synergies
  • Leakage
  • Permanence
  • Emissions factors
  • By-products
  • Efficiency
  • Upstream/downstream emissions
  • Other greenhouse gases

Task 38 standard methodology for calculating GHG
emissions Source IEA Bioenergy Task 38
13
Constraints
  • Must compare systems within same system boundary
  • Information (data) sources
  • Boundary selection
  • Restricted analysis

Task 38 standard methodology for calculating GHG
emissions Source IEA Bioenergy Task 38
14
Bioenergy Case Study 1
GORCAM output Source IEA Task 38
15
Bioenergy Case Study 2a
  • Ethanol production in Brazil vs United States
  • Potential CO2 emissions avoided
  • Brazil 5.6 MtC/yr
  • United States 0.59 MtC/yr

Source Kheshgi and Marland, 2000
16
Bioenergy
  • Bioenergy output to fossil energy input
  • Forestry and agriculture (25-50 1)
  • Liquid energy (4-5 1)
  • Source Marland, 1999

17
Bioenergy Case Study 2b
Austria Fuel cycle analysis of Power plants
Source Jungmeier et al, 1999
18
Canada Total Forest Ecosystem Carbon Modelling
(1920 - 1995)
Case Studies - Sink

Source Kurz and Apps, 1999
19
Case Study - Sink
New Zealand Long-term average carbon density
  • Typical radiata pine regime

Source IEA Task 38, 2003
20
Case Study Wood Products
Product Replacement
  • 1 kilometre of transmission line
  • Life 60 years
  • Including disposal

Emission in tonnes of CO2 equivalent to construct
Source Matthews and Robertson, 2002
21
Case Study Wood Products
CanadaForest Products Carbon Storage
Source IEA Task 38, 2003
22
Preferential Use
Source Matthews and Robertson, 2002
23
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