Nonverbal communication 2

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Nonverbal communication 2
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• 1. Basic cues
• Facial expresion
• Gestures
• Postures
• 2. Haptics

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1.1 Facial expression

• The human face is so mobile that it can
  effortlessly register boredom, surprise,
  affection, and disapproval one after another in a
  few seconds.
• Facial cues are the single most important source
  of nonverbal communication.

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• Woodworth, Experimental psychology (1938)
• Nonverbal cues can clearly express seven basic
  emotions
• Happiness (joy), surprise, fear, sadness, anger,
  scorn (disgust) and emotional interrest in
  somethink/somebody

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Facial emotional expression
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Recognition of basic emotions

• Basic emotions individuals express usually
  spontaneously.
• They are distinguishable by majority of
  observers.
• Timbre of voice, paralingvistic ques (voice
  qualities pitch, range, resonance, lip control,
  articulation control,tempo and fluency,noises
  without linguistic structure, such as crying,
  laughing).

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Recognition of basic emotions from voice and
facial expressions

• Facial expressions inform better about our
  emotions than our voice.
• Emotion of happiness is the most easy to
  recognition than the other facial expressions.
• Emotion of scorn is more difficult to recognition
  than the other facial expressions.

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Fear

• We can better to control facial expression than
  voice.
• Diaphragm, breathing voice vibration

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Intercultural comparation

• P. Ekman conducted comparation of facial
  emotional expressions in all cultures
• (P. Ekman a W. Friesen, Unmasking the face,
  Englewood Cliffs, (NJ, USA), Prentice Hall, 1975)
• In some respect, expressive facial behavior is
  constant across cultures.
• People in all cultures are able to recognize from
  fatial expression four emotions
• fear, malevolence, sadness, pleasure

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1.2 GESTURES

• Gesticulation
• accompanies speech, emphasizes meaning of message
  (illustrative gestures) or
• substitute a word or claim (semantic gestures)

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Types of gestures

• Symbolic gestures
• They represent ideas and thoughts. However, the
  same gestures can have different meaning in
  particular cultures.
• Technical gestures
• There are used in some professions (sailors,
  firemans ) The others do not understand to
  thwm.
• Code gestures
• Symbolic languague (e.g. Morse alphabet)
• Authoritative gestures
• Empahasize meaning of the words and tempo of
  speech. These gestures are often used by
  professional speakers.

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Gesticulation of speaker
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Speakers gesture openness

• Open offer. To demonstrate honesty. Let me speak
  openly

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Speakers gesture attack

• Offensive, an attack with arguments, great
  agressivity. Verbal sting.

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Control of emotional expresions

• Training in control of emotional expression
• Control of all part of our body during strong
  emotional reaction is almost impossible.
• Displacement activity.

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1.3 POSTURES

• Barriers
• Control of space

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Sources and functions of barriers

• Rejection of communicatin
• An individual makes impossible others to iniciate
  a contact.
• Hiding place
• fear, anxiety, social stress
• Camouflage
• Flirtation, the goal is not to make a contact
  impossible, conversely, to elicite an interest.

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Rejection of a contact

• Individuals use for the rejection of the contact
  various physical barriers including their own
  body.
• They use verbal and nonverbal cues, but
  nonverbal cues can be more unambiguous and
  effective.
• Barrier is physical (to hide behind a real
  physical object) or symbolic.

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Barriers

• Biological basis of berriers to protect
  important parts of body
• Hands head, face, heart
• Legs genitals

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Barriers tools by hands

• Hands are crossed before the body
• Shield mouth.
• Shield whole face
• Shield eyesight.

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Barriers

• Interpretation Women does not believe herself,
  low selfconfidence, she does not leave the chair
  (Thiel,1993)

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Barriers

• Interpretation He does not believe you.

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Hands crossed before the body double-faced
communication
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Barriers

• Interpretation Striked selfconfidence. The man
  needs a hiding place. He is in the centre of the
  attention.

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Hands crossed before the body a social event
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Barriers in important people
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Shield mouth
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Barrier toolsLegs

• Barriers by legs crossing
• Parallel legs and hans crossing is more
  expressive.

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Barrier tools Body declination

• This posture express rejection of a contact.
• Individual hides behind an imaginary barrier.

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Barrier tools Objects in the role of
barriers

• Public transport newspaper, book
• Smoking the barrier created by a smoke, the
  individual is a less visible
• Women knitting, fan (long-ago)

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Tools for control of a space

• Dictatorial posture

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Haptics (contact,tactile behavior)

• Touch is one from the most basic form of
  communication in animal.
• Bodily contact is the most basic form of
  cummunication.
• Intimate behavior
• Touch besides intimate behavior.

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Contact and distance beings

• Animals differ each others in a need of in
  physical contiguity (proximity).
• Contact animals
• napr. rodents, monkeys, human beings
• Distance animals
• some birds, some mammals
• During evolution for human beings the touch
  communication had been very important.
• Modern-day humans less depend on touch
  communication. They become to be more distance
  beings.

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Intimate zones and taboo

• Some zones of human body are taboo for
  individuals of the same sex.
• But in some circumstances it is allowed for
  individuals of the opposite sex to touch.
• Those zones are reserved only for intimate
  contacts.

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Intimate zones and taboo , Lewis, 1989
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Function of the hand in contact behavior

• Hand is important in the initializing of physical
  contact.
• The roots of this behavior - old ritual,
  individual shows that he has not a weapon in his
  hand.

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Information, which a hand gives.

• Physical appearance of a hand
• Appearance of a hand informs about genetics
  characteristics and way of live.
• Tactil percept of a squeeze sponginess or
  hardness of a hand. It informs about a job (blue
  colar, white colar).
• The level of wetness or dryness
• Dry hand with even squeezing - self-trust
• Wett, cold hand - stress, anxiety

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Information, which a hand gives.

• Force of a squeeze men x women
• Duration of a squeeze of the
• Averadge duration app. 5 sec, 4-5 shakes
• Shorter squeeze a lack of interes
• Longer squeeze greater interest
• To long squeeze intrusiont, impossibility to
  escape
• Individual has to feel that he/she can terminated
  contact and escape. Otherwise he/she feels
  threatened. Innate reaction.

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Style of hand shaking