Towards the Non-Traditional Security: Poverty and Human Security

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Towards the Non-Traditional SecurityPoverty and
Human Security

• Wenefrida D. Widyanti
• The SMERU Research Institute
• Jakarta Indonesia
• www.smeru.or.id
• Presented at the Non-Traditional Security Course
  for Indonesian Police Lecturers Doctors and NGO
  Leaders, Consortium of Non-Traditional Security
  Studies in Asia, RSIS - NTU, Singapore, 22-24
  August 2007.

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Poverty Concept Measurement - Strategy
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Overview Poverty

• Defining and measuring poverty is difficult
  because poverty is a complex issue, but it is
  essential for designing and implementing poverty
  programs.
• Good and reliable definition and measurement of
  poverty helps the formulation and testing of
  hypotheses on the causes of poverty.
• Good and reliable definition and measurement will
  also enables government, international community,
  and any other stakeholders to set itself
  measurable targets for judging actions.

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Concepts (1)

• The World Development Report 1990 of the World
  Bank focused on the issue of poverty. The World
  Development Report 2000/2001 Attacking Poverty,
  once again focused on poverty, on the series of
  Voices of the Poor reports.
• Poverty is a situation in which a decent standard
  of living is not achieved ? inadequate food,
  inadequate housing and clothing, inability to
  access medical treatment when sick, and low
  access to education.
• Poverty has three dimensions lack of income and
  assets, voiceless and powerlessness, and
  vulnerability.
• Attacking poverty requires expanding
  opportunities, promoting empowerment, and
  enhancing security ? security is interconnected
  with the concept of vulnerability.

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Concepts (2)

• United Nations (1997 Report on the World Social
  Situation)
• Poverty is a condition related to the inability
  to fulfill basic needs ? nutritional deficiency,
  illiteracy, bad health, improper housing and
  clothing, etc.
• JICAs definition of poverty
• A condition in which people deprived of
  opportunities to develop capabilities (political,
  social, economic, human, and protective) required
  to lead a basic human life and are excluded from
  society and development processes.

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Concepts (3)

• Poverty is a multidimensional concept. It may
  include the economic, social, political, physical
  conditions and psychological aspects of human
  being.
• Poverty is routinely defined as lack of what is
  necessary for material well-being -especially
  food, housing, land and other assets. Later
  definitions also reveal other aspects of poverty,
  such as lack of voice, power, and independence.
• The poor rarely speak about income, but they do
  speak about assets that are important to sustain
  their daily activities. These assets include a
  broad range of tangible and potential resources,
  both material and social, such as
• physical capital (land material belongings),
• human capital (health, education, training and
  labor power),
• social capital (social networks),
• environmental assets (grass, trees, water, and
  non-timber products).

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Concepts (4)
From Consultations with the Poor From Consultations with the Poor
First Housing conditions Education/Schooling Types of occupation Food security Second Land ownership Income Access to medical treatment Sanitation housing Ownership of basic durable goods Clothing Others Ownership of other durable goods Housing ownership Lack of basic necessities Family size Livestock ownership Social relations Children working Ability to work Level of education Health conditions Debt/borrowings Household conditions
Sources Participatory Poverty Assessment Consolidation Work. SMERU 2004 Sources Participatory Poverty Assessment Consolidation Work. SMERU 2004
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Concepts (5)
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Who are the poor? (1)

• Less educated
• Unemployed

• Low quality of housing
• Unhealthy housing (limited space, no specific
  room functioning).

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Who are the poor? (2)
Lack of access to safe water
Lack of access to sanitation
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Who are the poor? (3)

• Living in unhealthy environment that will affect
  the quality of living

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Why are they poor? (1)

• The root causes of poverty an example from one
  of regression analysis
• At the household level (using household survey
  data), poverty is related to, among others
• Low education
• Female headed household
• Unemployment
• Working in agricultural sector
• No access to safe drinking water
• No access to electricity

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Why are they poor? (2)
The root causes of poverty an example from the
PPA results
From Consultations with the Poor Rural-Urban From Consultations with the Poor Rural-Urban
Rural Urban
Powerlessness Causes Gods will/divine decree lack of employment opportunities low prices of agriculture produce Exclusion Causes lack of education lack of skills lack of transportation infrastructure Material poverty Causes lack of capital landlessness low level of income Vulnerability Causes production/harvest failures employment uncertainty natural disasters Attitudes Causes lack of achievement Powerlessness Causes lack of employment opportunities high cost of living Gods will Exclusion Causes lack of education lack of skills Material poverty Causes lack of capital low level of income extended family Vulnerability Causes Layoffs/business closure employment uncertainty Attitudes Causes lack of achievement
Sources Participatory Poverty Assessment Consolidation Work. SMERU 2004 Sources Participatory Poverty Assessment Consolidation Work. SMERU 2004
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Where are the poor?

• Geographical dimensions of poverty
• Where do the poor live (pockets of poverty)?
  Especially relevant under regional autonomy ?
  poverty map is one of the tools.

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Higher resolution poverty maps
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Small area poverty maps ? going down to village
level
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Example Poverty distribution in Jakarta
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Furthermore, how can we identify the poor?

• Community Based Monitoring System (CBMS) is one
  of the tools.
• It can identify local-specific poverty
  conditions.
• Village (or other geographical administrative
  unit) specific poverty criteria is determined
  after data collection using Principal Components
  Analysis (PCA).
• The poverty criteria can be used to identify
  relatively poor families that require
  government assistance (targeting purpose).
• Since the criteria are generated by the data
  itself, they are not known prior to data
  collection (difficult to be tampered).
• Provide results of rank welfare level of every
  family in a location (NOT to calculate poverty
  rate).
• CBMS data also permits calculation of other
  welfare indicators, including monitoring of MDGs
  at local level.

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CBMS and Localized MDG Monitoring
Example Selected education and health indicators
as proxy for MDGs achievements, at hamlet level,
from a CBMS village.
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Measuring poverty (1)

• Poverty is multidimensional
• Income/consumption
• Health conditions
• Educational attainment
• Housing, sanitation, and clothing
• Social political participation
• Other dimensions
• Some approaches to measure poverty
• Money-metric utility (income or consumption
  poverty, e.g. World Bank 1 or 2 PPP per day),
  is still the most widely used single measure of
  poverty.
• Composite index, built from chosen
  aspects/determinants of poverty (economics,
  health, education, social, political, etc). Human
  Development Index (HDI) of the UNDP is an
  example. PCA (Principle Component Analysis) and
  MCA (Multivariate Correspondence Analysis) are
  some ways/methods to assign non-arbitrary weight
  of variables for the composite index.

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Measuring poverty (2)

• The multidimensionality of poverty has to be
  taken into account in its measuring
• what dimensions should be included?
• how should each dimension be measured?
• how to define poverty?
• all dimensions
• any dimension
• indexation
• utility function
• Qualitative and quantitative poverty analysis are
  complements, not substitutes.
• The most important contributions of qualitative
  analysis (such as Poverty Participatory
  Assessment/PPA) are in providing causality (what
  causes what) and in verifying findings made from
  quantitative analysis.

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Measuring poverty (3)

• Measuring one-dimensional poverty
  income/expenditure poverty
• Distribution of household income or expenditure
  (Data from household survey, e.g. National
  Socio-economic Survey/Susenas)
• Poverty line (Food poverty line Non-food
  poverty line)
• Reference group
• Measuring multidimensional poverty
• Examples Men of Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara, 1999
  A rich man has (among other things), 10-50
  livestock and 2-3 wives a middle-class man has
  5-10 livestock and up to 2 wives whereas a
  poor man has only 1-5 pigs and sometimes not
  even 1 wife (because he can not afford the bride
  price) (Indonesia Consultations with the Poor.
  World Bank, 1999).

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Multidimensional poverty measures
Source Susenas 2004
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Poverty comparison Consumption based poverty

• Across areas
• Over time ? to measure progress, need a
  consistent standard

Poverty Line, Percentage, and Number of Poor People in Indonesia, 1996-2007 Poverty Line, Percentage, and Number of Poor People in Indonesia, 1996-2007 Poverty Line, Percentage, and Number of Poor People in Indonesia, 1996-2007 Poverty Line, Percentage, and Number of Poor People in Indonesia, 1996-2007 Poverty Line, Percentage, and Number of Poor People in Indonesia, 1996-2007 Poverty Line, Percentage, and Number of Poor People in Indonesia, 1996-2007 Poverty Line, Percentage, and Number of Poor People in Indonesia, 1996-2007 Poverty Line, Percentage, and Number of Poor People in Indonesia, 1996-2007 Poverty Line, Percentage, and Number of Poor People in Indonesia, 1996-2007
Year Poverty Line (Rp/capita/month) Poverty Line (Rp/capita/month) of poor people of poor people of poor people Number of poor people (million people) Number of poor people (million people) Number of poor people (million people)
Year Urban Rural Urban Rural U R Urban Rural U R
1996 42 032 31 366 13.39 19.78 17.47 9,42 24,59 34,01
1999 92 409 74 272 19.41 26.03 23.43 15,64 32,33 47,97
2000 1 91 632 73 648 14.60 22.38 19.14 12,30 26,40 38,70
2001 2 100 011 80 382 9.76 24.84 18.41 8,60 29,30 37,90
2002 3 130 499 96 512 14.46 21.10 18.20 13,30 25,10 38,40
2003 138 803 105 888 13.57 20.23 17.42 12,20 25,10 37,30
2004 143 455 108 725 12.13 20.11 16.66 11,30 24,80 36,10
2005 4 150 799 117 259 11.68 19.98 15.97 12,40 22,70 35,10
2006 2,5 174 290 130 584 13.47 21.81 17.75 14,49 24,81 39,30
2007 6 187 942 146 837 12.52 20.37 16.58 13,56 23,61 37,17
Source BPS Note 1 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Maluku. 2 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. 3 Including estimation for 4 provinces (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Maluku, Maluku Utara, and Papua), in which the Susenas Consumption Module 2002 was not held. 4 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), February 2005, 5 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), March 2006. 6 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 out of 68,000 households), March 2007. Source BPS Note 1 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Maluku. 2 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. 3 Including estimation for 4 provinces (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Maluku, Maluku Utara, and Papua), in which the Susenas Consumption Module 2002 was not held. 4 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), February 2005, 5 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), March 2006. 6 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 out of 68,000 households), March 2007. Source BPS Note 1 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Maluku. 2 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. 3 Including estimation for 4 provinces (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Maluku, Maluku Utara, and Papua), in which the Susenas Consumption Module 2002 was not held. 4 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), February 2005, 5 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), March 2006. 6 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 out of 68,000 households), March 2007. Source BPS Note 1 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Maluku. 2 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. 3 Including estimation for 4 provinces (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Maluku, Maluku Utara, and Papua), in which the Susenas Consumption Module 2002 was not held. 4 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), February 2005, 5 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), March 2006. 6 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 out of 68,000 households), March 2007. Source BPS Note 1 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Maluku. 2 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. 3 Including estimation for 4 provinces (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Maluku, Maluku Utara, and Papua), in which the Susenas Consumption Module 2002 was not held. 4 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), February 2005, 5 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), March 2006. 6 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 out of 68,000 households), March 2007. Source BPS Note 1 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Maluku. 2 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. 3 Including estimation for 4 provinces (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Maluku, Maluku Utara, and Papua), in which the Susenas Consumption Module 2002 was not held. 4 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), February 2005, 5 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), March 2006. 6 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 out of 68,000 households), March 2007. Source BPS Note 1 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Maluku. 2 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. 3 Including estimation for 4 provinces (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Maluku, Maluku Utara, and Papua), in which the Susenas Consumption Module 2002 was not held. 4 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), February 2005, 5 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), March 2006. 6 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 out of 68,000 households), March 2007. Source BPS Note 1 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Maluku. 2 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. 3 Including estimation for 4 provinces (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Maluku, Maluku Utara, and Papua), in which the Susenas Consumption Module 2002 was not held. 4 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), February 2005, 5 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), March 2006. 6 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 out of 68,000 households), March 2007. Source BPS Note 1 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Maluku. 2 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. 3 Including estimation for 4 provinces (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Maluku, Maluku Utara, and Papua), in which the Susenas Consumption Module 2002 was not held. 4 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), February 2005, 5 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), March 2006. 6 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 out of 68,000 households), March 2007.
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HDI across Asian countries

• The Human Development Index (HDI) measures the
  average achievements in a country in three basic
  dimensions of human development a long and
  healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of
  living.
• Comparison across countries
• Over time ? to measure progress, need a
  consistent standard

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Inequality is another problem related to poverty
(1)
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Inequality is another problem related to poverty
(2)
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Inequality is another problem related to poverty
(3)
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Risks and Vulnerability (1)

• Risks may affect individuals differently (Amartya
  Sen entitlements differ for each person).
• Vulnerable is a situation with a substantial
  downturn in the well-being of people or
  substantial threatening of their daily lives
  because of their inability or lack to deal with
  risks when they face threats.
• The vulnerable are those who cannot cope with
  risks, they are deprived of entitlements and fall
  into destitution. Therefore, priority should be
  given to ensure human security for those who are
  the most vulnerable.
• Individuals who are vulnerable to poverty include
  those with insufficient income assets, the
  socially excluded, and the socially disadvantaged
  such as the elderly, women, children, and
  disabled. Vulnerable people are also defined as
  those who are unable to cope with risks by
  themselves.

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Risks and Vulnerability (2)

• Vulnerability can be defined as a function of the
  magnitude of risks and the ability to cope with
  risks. Vulnerability also means the probability
  of being exposed to a number of risks.
• Identification of risk vulnerability factors
  accurately and integrating those analyses into
  poverty analysis are important.
• Moreover, it is important to reduce the risks
  faced by the poor, so that they can cope with
  vulnerability.

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Who are the most vulnerable?
Elderly
Women children
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Economic crisis, poverty, and its consequences

• The severe economic downturns in Asia due to the
  crisis in the late of 1990s created a pervasive
  sense of insecurity with a wide range of
  political, economic, social, and cultural
  dimensions.
• Increasing poverty as a result of the fall of
  real incomes which led to food shortages,
  malnutrition, declining health and education,
  intensifying crimes, and lack of confidence in
  existing political systems has gone beyond the
  states capacity to resolve through the use of
  traditional security instruments.
• The economic crisis also hit public and private
  corporations, which then led to a pervasive
  unemployment due to the lay-off and bankruptcy.
  As a result people faced a serious decline in
  real income.
• The poor population who are already losing their
  purchasing power have become more exposed to
  extreme poverty, malnutrition, and serious
  illnesses.

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The dynamics of poverty

• The poor people are vulnerable, also those who
  are near poor. Therefore, poverty is dynamics.
  Poverty (in this term, is the consumption based)
  can be categorized into chronic poverty and
  transient poverty.

Transition Matrix of Poverty Status, March 2006-March 2007 (million people) Transition Matrix of Poverty Status, March 2006-March 2007 (million people) Transition Matrix of Poverty Status, March 2006-March 2007 (million people) Transition Matrix of Poverty Status, March 2006-March 2007 (million people) Transition Matrix of Poverty Status, March 2006-March 2007 (million people) Transition Matrix of Poverty Status, March 2006-March 2007 (million people)
March 2006   March 2007 March 2007 March 2007 March 2007 March 2007
March 2006   Poor Nearly poor Nearly non-poor Non-poor   Total  
Poor 18.6 8.1 5.8 6.8 39.3
Nearly poor 6.6 5.6 5.8 10.1 28.0
Nearly non-poor 4.6 4.0 6.5 14.1 29.3
Non-poor 7.4 9.0 14.8 96.5 127.6
Total 37.2 26.7 33.0 127.4 224.2
Note Poor lt Poverty Line (PL) Nearly poor 1.00 - 1.25 PL Nearly non-poor 1.25 - 1.50 PL Non-poor gt 1,5 PL Source BPS, 2007 Note Poor lt Poverty Line (PL) Nearly poor 1.00 - 1.25 PL Nearly non-poor 1.25 - 1.50 PL Non-poor gt 1,5 PL Source BPS, 2007 Note Poor lt Poverty Line (PL) Nearly poor 1.00 - 1.25 PL Nearly non-poor 1.25 - 1.50 PL Non-poor gt 1,5 PL Source BPS, 2007 Note Poor lt Poverty Line (PL) Nearly poor 1.00 - 1.25 PL Nearly non-poor 1.25 - 1.50 PL Non-poor gt 1,5 PL Source BPS, 2007 Note Poor lt Poverty Line (PL) Nearly poor 1.00 - 1.25 PL Nearly non-poor 1.25 - 1.50 PL Non-poor gt 1,5 PL Source BPS, 2007 Note Poor lt Poverty Line (PL) Nearly poor 1.00 - 1.25 PL Nearly non-poor 1.25 - 1.50 PL Non-poor gt 1,5 PL Source BPS, 2007
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Overview Security (1)

• Security concept has become increasingly expanded
  in the past few years
• Richard Ullman
• extend the security concept to include a wide
  range of issues from natural disasters diseases
  to environmental degradation.
• Buzan et.al.
• in conceptual term, securitization can be
  perceived as the classification of and consensus
  about a non-traditional framework of
  understanding of security concept that moves
  beyond the state and beyond military threats.
• The Copenhagen School
• proposed five extended of security military,
  environmental, economic, societal, and political
  security (traditional non-traditional).

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Overview Security (2)

• Security concept has become increasingly expanded
  in the past few years
• Robert McNamara
• began to recognize that environmental degradation
  natural disasters (e.g. epidemics, floods,
  earthquakes, and drought) are important threats
  to security as much as human-made military
  disasters ? The security studies have then
  shifting from traditional to non-traditional
  approach such as non-military threats.
• The Consortium of Non-Traditional Security
  Studies in Asia (NTS-Asia)
• promote a focus on the security of individuals,
  societies and groups, and to encompass the
  chronic and complex insecurities confronting
  Asia. The concerns of the growing trends in the
  region to all non-military threats
  (non-traditional security threats) such as
  environmental degradation, infectious diseases,
  and illegal migration.

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Matrix of security studies
What is the source of the security threat? What is the source of the security threat?
Military Military, Non-military, or Both
States National security Redefined security
Security for whom? (Conventional realist approach to security studies) (e.g. environmental and economic cooperative or comprehensive security)
Societies, groups, and individuals Intrastate security Human security
Societies, groups, and individuals (e.g. civil war, ethnic conflict, and democide) (e.g. environmental and economic threats to survival of societies, groups, and individuals)
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Concept of human security

• The particular phrase of human security is most
  associated with the UNDP 1994 Human Development
  Report on Human Security.
• The definition in the report was rather
  ambitious. Human security was defined as the
  summation of seven distinct dimensions of
  security, which include
• Economic security (unemployment, insecure jobs,
  inequalities, poverty, homelessness)
• Food security (inadequacies in terms of food
  availabilities and food entitlements)
• Health security (infectious and parasitic
  disease, new viruses, respiratory infections)
• Environmental security (degradation of air,
  water, soil, and forests)
• Personal security (discrimination, exploitation,
  crimes, terrorism)
• Community security (ethnic communal conflicts)
• Political security (violation of human rights).

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Core of the human security concept

• According to Amartya Sen the following distinct
  elements lie at the core of the human security
  concept
• A clear focus on individual human lives
• An appreciation of the role of society and social
  arrangements in making human lives more secure in
  a constructive way
• A reasoned concentration on the downside risks to
  human lives
• A choice to focus on the downside emphasizing
  the more basic human rights.

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Rethinking human security

• GARY KING CHISTOPHER J.L. MURRAY
• Many attempts to ensure the territorial
  security of nation-states through military power
  have failed to improve their total human
  condition. In response, the international
  community has moved to combine economic
  development with military security and other
  basic human rights to form a new concept of
  human security. Unfortunately, by common assent
  the concept lacks either a clear definition or
  any agreed upon measure of it.
• (Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 116(4),
  2001-02)

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Characteristics of human security

• Four essential characteristics of human security
• Universal concern
• It is relevant to people everywhere, in rich
  nations and poor.
• Interdependence
• The components of human security are
  interdependent.
• Prevention
• Human security is easier to ensure through early
  prevention than later intervention.
• People-centeredness
• It is concerned with how people live in a
  society, how freely they exercise their choices,
  how much access they have to market and social
  opportunities, and whether they live in conflict
  or in peace.

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Incorporating concepts of human security in the
official foreign policies

• Canada defines human security as safety for
  people from both violent and non-violent
  threats, a more conservative and narrower focus
  than the UNDP version.
• Japan their definition of human security is more
  inclusive than Canadas. Human security
  comprehensively covers all the menaces that
  threaten human survival, daily life, and dignity
  (e.g. environmental degradation, violations of
  human rights, transnational organized crime,
  illicit drugs, refugees, poverty, anti-personnel
  landmines and other infectious diseases).
• Norway focuses on the freedom from fear aspects
  of human security and identifies a core agenda of
  preventive action, small arms and light weapons
  control, and peace operation, which its emphasis
  on protecting individual. They thus founded the
  Human Security Network (13 countries) and have
  mobilized around practical responses to humans
  security threats.

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Case JICAs principles to implement human
security

• Seven principles to integrate the concept of
  human security into its activities
• Reaching those in need through a human-centered
  approach
• Empowering people as well as protecting them
• Focusing on the most vulnerable people, whose
  survival, livelihood, and dignity at risk
• Comprehensively addressing both freedom from
  want and freedom from fear
• Responding to peoples needs by assessing and
  addressing threats through flexible and
  intersectoral approaches
• Working with both governments local communities
  to realize sustainable development
• Strengthening partnership with various actors to
  achieve higher impact from assistance.

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Human security and risks

• Relationship between downside risks and poverty
• Human security deliberately focuses on downside
  risks and takes into account a variety of
  elements that inhibit human development.
• The idea of security contains two key elements
• An orientation to future risks
• A focus on risks of falling below some critical
  threshold of deprivation.
• People suffering from deprivation (the chronic
  poor) are always exposed to the risks of poverty.
• In order to protect peoples lives from threats
  and risks, it is important to combine the two
  approaches
• Efforts to empower people
• Protection by governments and the international
  community.

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Types of threats that damage human security
Type of Risks Type of Risks
Extraordinary Major Threats (External Shocks) Threats Embedded in Daily Life
Violent conflict Endemic disease/illness
Pandemic disease Accident/injury
Natural disaster Daily violence
Economic shock Social exclusion
Extensive environmental damage Unhealthy living conditions
Old age
Crop failure due to bad weather

• Risk probability of degradation/ aggravation in
  the future well-being of people caused by various
  threats.

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The perspective of human security and poverty

• The human security framework analyzes poverty by
  focusing on the risks and vulnerabilities faced
  by an individual. It is, therefore, important to
  identify risk and vulnerability factors
  accurately.
• Human security emphasizes two important aspects
  of poverty reduction
• First, it addresses the significance of risk
  management by focusing on factors that inhibit
  development and aggravate poverty, as well as
  risks towards human insecurity and vulnerability.
  The chronic poor are most seriously affected by
  risks. Therefore, it is necessary to
  prevent/mitigate risks or enhance their capacity
  to deal with risks.
• Second, human security stresses the individuality
  of people and communities. This concept
  emphasizes individual features of fear and want
  in term of region, class, age, and gender.

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Human security and poverty reduction

• The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) was
  adopted at the joint meeting of the IMF and the
  World Bank in 1999. This was followed by the
  Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000.
  Poverty reduction is the most important issue,
  which can be seen from the goals
• Eradicating extreme poverty hunger
• Achieving universal primary education
• Promoting gender equality and empowering women
• Reducing child mortality
• Improving maternal health
• Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
• Ensuring environmental sustainability
• Developing a global partnership for development.

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Integrating the human security perspective into a
poverty reduction strategy/program

• A poverty reduction strategy based on a human
  security perspective should include three
  dimensions of risk managements
• Preventative mitigating measures against risks
  (to avoid disaster/risk)
• Protecting or coping measures when human security
  is threatened by increases risks (to cope with
  disaster/risk), and
• Promoting measures to enhance social
  opportunities or human capabilities of the poor
  to fight chronic poverty over the medium and long
  term (to enhance human capabilities/social
  opportunity).
• From those three dimensions, promoting measure to
  enhance social opportunities and human
  capabilities work most effectively towards the
  prevention of risks.
• The suggested actions of poverty reduction
  strategy are protection and empowerment.

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Grand design of a human security oriented poverty
reduction strategy

• Freedom from large external shocks is a
  preconditioned for securing human security. The
  first and foremost task of human security is to
  prevent threats such as violent conflicts and
  macro-economic instability, environmental
  degradation, natural disasters and pandemic
  diseases.
• Strengthening governance and government
  capabilities.
• Safety net programs, such as emergency funds and
  food-for-work programs that are adopted when
  people face risks.
• Sustainable social protection programs,
  particularly for those who are poor and
  vulnerable.

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Case Considering human security into poverty
reduction strategy in Indonesia

• Improvement of poverty reduction program design
• Schemes
• BLT (Unconditional Cash Transfer/UCT) program for
  the poor near poor has been replaced by the
  Program Keluarga Harapan/PKH (Conditional Cash
  Transfer), in which require certain criteria
  related to the human well-being (ensure the
  education access for children, health care
  services for children and women, and nutritional
  improvement). This program prioritizes
  particularly the chronic poor as the
  beneficiaries.
• Scaling up the Kecamatan Development Program
  (KDP) and Urban Poverty Program (UPP) programs
  towards Program Nasional Pemberdayaan
  Masyarakat/PNPM (National Community Empowerment
  Program) which aimed to reduce unemployment and
  poverty and empower the community.
• State budget significant increase of the state
  budget plan for 2008 particularly for the sectors
  highly related to basic public services (e.g.
  health, education, agriculture, energy,
  transportation, and public work).

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Future considerations (1)

• Poverty and human security is becoming more
  crucial and part of global issues. Knowledge and
  awareness of those, therefore, are absolutely
  important and it should be taken into
  consideration in the policy making.
• The traditional security concept has been
  transforming into the non-traditional security
  one, many aspects/component of human lives are
  included in the latter concept.
• It is an obligation of the regional and
  international communities to promote the human
  security issues into policies and actions of each
  country.

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Future considerations (2)

• Since the idea of human security is to improve
  the lives of people rather than improve the
  security of national borders and key issues cross
  these borders, coordinated action by the
  international and regional community seems
  essential.
• Continued linkage and cooperation among
  governments, international organizations,
  nongovernmental organizations, and other parts of
  civil society will also be important.
• Building the capacity in data bases and methods
  to undertake better risk assessment should be an
  essential component of human security-focused
  foreign policy.

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References

• Alkire, Sabina (2003). A Conceptual Framework for
  Human Security, CRISE Queen Elizabeth House,
  University of Oxford working paper.
• Commision on Human Security (2003). Human
  Security Now, Commision on Human Security report,
  New York.
• Hadiwinata, Bob (2004). Securitizing Poverty the
  Role of NGOs in the Protection of Human Security
  in Indonesia, presented paper.
• Hussein, Karim, Donata Gnisci and Julia Wanjiru
  (2004). Security and Human Security An Overview
  of Concepts and Initiatives What Implications for
  West Africa? OECD Issues Paper.
• IFIC JICA (2006). Poverty Reduction and Human
  Security, study report.
• King, Gary and Christopher J.L. Murray (2001).
  Rethinking Human Security, Political Science
  Quarterly Volume 116 Number 4, 2001-02.
• Suryadarma, Daniel et.al (2006). From Access to
  Income Regional and Ethnic Inequality in
  Indonesia, SMERU Working Paper.

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Thank you