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Title: REPP TERM PAPER Learning Group - 4


1
REPP TERM PAPERLearning Group - 4
  • Gender Issue, PRIs, PPPs, Innovative Finance and
    Microfinance in Agriculture in the 11th Five Year
    Approach Plan

2
Introduction
  • The Eleventh Five Year Plan visualizes faster
    and more inclusive growth.
  • This implies that we need to/ for
  • Shift the plan priorities towards the social
    sectors
  • Put appropriate institutions and linkages in
    place to bring good to the common man
  • The States to play a facilitating role in
    encouraging individual-institutional linkages

3
Objective of the Report
  • To undertake a critical review of the existing
    approach, strategies, priorities, institutional
    arrangements, on-going policies, access to
    resources, gender concerns and empowerment of
    women in agriculture.
  • To review the progress of schemes/measures for
    empowerment of women in agriculture and suggest
    continuance/ discontinuance/ improvement in
    design/ convergence of the on-going programmes
    and effective inter-sectoral integration during
    the XI Five Year Plan.

4
Why women in agriculture?
  • Eradicating poverty
  • Ensuring food security
  • Promoting their own well being
  • Their increasing stake in agriculture
  • Decreasing economic contribution
  • Ownership in livestock, land , etc. is limited
  • Statistics
  • While only 53 of the male population is involved
    in agriculture, the corresponding numbers for the
    female population was a 85 of all rural female
    workers.

Source Report submitted to the Working Group
Gender Issue, PRIs, PPPs, Innovative Finance and
Microfinance in Agriculture in the 11th Five Year
Approach Plan
5
Context for the agrarian crisis
  • Low size of landholding
  • Faulty policies and structures
  • Lack of technology
  • Sale of spurious seeds and pesticides
  • Debt at very high interest rates
  • No health insurance and crop insurance
  • NCF agrees that there is no agricultural policy
    that supports institutional arrangements

6
Solutions
  • Firstly, the focus has to be on sustainability
  • Find ways to encourage farmers towards food
    production over commercial crops
  • Strengthen capital related investment in
    agriculture and rural infrastructure
  • Specific recommendations listed in report

7
Invisibility of Womens Work
  • Conceptual Biases in Measurement
  • Non recognition of Womens role in decision
    making
  • Historical and Complex Causes reinforced by
    social, cultural, political and religious
    practices and beliefs
  • Serious inaccuracies and measurement failure in
    the recording of the work that women do due to
    conceptual and operational (enumerators' and
    respondents') biases at the time of data
    collection.
  • Engendering Agriculture reduced to womens
    participation in training programs for technology
    dissemination or micro credit.
  • Non involvement of women in institutional work

8
Recommendation
  • Correct the statistical invisibility of womens
    work through preparation of an account that
    should include in detail the work that women
    undertake.
  • Policies and funds allocation need to take
    cognizance of this, and address womens needs.
  • Adequate attention is given to the educational
    process through which women engage with the
    institutions in an informed and empowered way.
  • Agricultural education be made gender sensitive
    and research, development, extension and services
    be engendered to give due recognition to the
    multiple role played by women agriculturists.

9
Evolution of Policy
  • Gender mainstreaming started from the VI Five
    Year Plan when opportunities for independent
    employment and income for women was recognized
    as a necessary condition for raising social
    status of women.

Plan Focus
6th Five Year Plan Shift from Welfare to Developmental Issues
7th Five Year Plan Raising Economic and Social Status of Women
8th Five Year Plan Increased Emphasis on Economic Activities
9th Five Year Plan From Development to Empowerment
10th Five Year Plan From Women Alone to Gender Mainstreaming
11th Five Year plan Propose to Move Towards a Holistic Approach
10
Persistence of Partial/ Compartmental Approach
  • Three components of Gender Mainstreaming
    Approach.
  • Womens Empowerment
  • Capacity Building
  • Access to Inputs as well as technology and
    resources
  • Need for a coordinated approach across Ministries
  • Schemes undertaken by the various Ministries will
    ultimately converge towards the goal of womens
    empowerment.
  • Introduction of Component Plan for Women in all
    development plans during the Ninth Five Year Plan
    was a step in this direction.

11
Tasks for Gender Mainstreaming in Agriculture Main Ministries Role of Ministry of Agriculture
Womens Empowerment (human capital formation, exposure, leadership, autonomy, Self esteem, and food security) MoA, MoRD, Social welfare, HRD, Health Gender Focused Strategy for Agri. Growth (main contributor along with other Ministries)
Capacity Building in Agriculture (dissemination of information and technology) MoA Various Extension and Training Programmes (Almost the sole contributor)
Access to Agricultural Inputs (including land, water and credit besides agri-inputs). MoRD, MoA, MoEF Access to Agricultural Inputs, Formation of SHGs, Marketing Facilities (partial contributor with MoRD and MoEF having a major control over property rights regimes).
12
Approach for Gender Mainstreaming Needs
  • The present approach for gender mainstreaming
    needs strengthening in terms of
  • adoption of a more holistic and comprehensive
    approach to impact multiple activities and
    requirements of individual farming women.
  • Effective implementation perhaps, in partnership
    with NGOs. All these would involve fresh thinking
    and an overhauling of the design, resource
    mobilization, and implementation machinery.

13
Recommendations for Gender Mainstreaming
  • For the Plan to be Gender and Poverty Sensitive
    it must allocate funds so that first priority is
    given to ensuring food security and access to
    food for all.
  • Establish an independent regulatory authority
    which should be required to regulate, test and
    certify quality of inputs e.g. seeds, pesticides.
  • Encourage horticultural activities, nursery
    raising, nursery maintenance, hybrid seed
    production, and tissue culture propagation of
    fruits and flowers as these are remunerative
    employment options for women. The fruit and
    vegetable processing industry also has high
    employment potential.
  • Allocation funds to enable extension of the NREGA
    such that women in each household gets access to
    at least 100 days work in each year and their
    right to get work does not get subsumed within
    the household.

14
Some attempts and initiatives taken by NGOs
15
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16
  • Innovation in agriculture practices
  • Agriculture Techniques
  • Anar De, (Gujarat) has done a very successful and
    remunerative program in cultivation of mangoes
    and cashew nuts. Intercropping, vermicomposting
    for women were demonstrated. Mushroom cultivation
    and Tissue culture were also successful.
  • Collective farming
  • Sewa organized the landless women agriculture
    workers into a co-operative to cultivate
    wasteland. Acquiring the land, systematical
    planning, environment friendly agriculture
    practices, including horticulture, agro-forestry
    and rainwater harvesting.
  • Activity of nursery raising is now accepted as an
    alternative source of employment for agriculture
    workers. To minimize the costs, some Mahila
    mandals have started collecting their own seeds.
  • Allied Livelihood Options
  • Cooperative Development Foundation in Andhra
    Pradesh has rooted the cooperative movement in
    the rural people in the districts of Warangal,
    Medak, and Karimnagar of the Telangana Region.
  • This started with farmers cooperatives for
    credit, marketing and inputs. The womens
    cooperatives extended it to provide credit to
    milk and related products. This worked very
    successfully to improve their livelihoods

17
  • UNDP, under its women in agriculture projects,
    undertook 21 districts spread across Andhra
    Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Orissa.
  • Provided resources and opportunities to womens
    groups to increase and improve their private
    agricultural land, experiment with a range of
    farm and off-farm based economic activities, and
    improve their access to sustainable farm
    practices, quality seed and inputs.
  • Support was also provided for building rain
    water harvesting structures, de-silting
    tanks/ponds and reviving irrigation systems to
    improve the productivity of the land.
  • Core issues for women in agriculture projects are
    access to land and working on farms collectively.
    Hence access to productive assets including
    land, credit, technologies, inputs and subsidies
    were made available to womens groups.

18
  • Innovations in infrastructure
  • Land development / water conservation exercises
  • SEWA organized the women agriculture
    workers/farmers into Sabarkantha Women Farmer's
    Association which initiated watershed development
    to check soil erosion.The cooperative also works
    to organize the women into their own SHGs and
    provides the necessary training for leadership
    development, awareness generation, and capacity
    building.
  • Activism for infrastructure access and use
  • Dharangrast Parishad working with dam project
    affected people in South Maharashtra came up with
    some innovative demands which shows the concern
    for women
  • women would have an equal access to the water
  • lands be given in joint names of the man and the
    woman of the household.
  • MASUM from Pune district has launched a
    successful campaign to ensure joint pattas for
    women and men and land-rights of female headed
    households.

19
  • Innovations in Delivery System
  • Insurance sector
  • Swayam Shiksha Prayog has started a community
    based health insurance plan, Sakhi. Program
    benefits include reimbursements for hospital
    expenses of Rs. 5,000, community-level outpatient
    delivery (OPD) services, discounted rates and
    various health education workshops and programs .
  • Marketing
  • Economic associations promoted by SEWA in
    different districts have come together and formed
    their own womens marketing networkSewa Gram
    Mahila Haat (SGMH).
  • The essence is to strengthen the rural economy
    through rural procurement and rural distribution.
    The focused areas are agriculture, salt, gum and
    handloom and handicraft.

20
External and Internal Environment
  • Reviewing and accessing the availability and
    utility of gender-disaggregated data on women in
    agriculture and measures for effective generation
    of needed data, needed for policy making in
    accordance with the prevailing scenario is very
    important
  • Issues
  • the data system capturing womens work,
    simultaneously reflects on issues like
  • what comes out of the work carried out by women
    and men
  • who decides the division of work
  • what are the conditions within which the work
    takes place how are the benefits shared and
    controlled
  • what is the perceived notion of autonomy
  • to what extent does poverty (or economic well
    being) impinges on womens work burden

21
Another picture sourceThe Hindu Business line,
30 December, 2005
  • Advisor to the Chennai-based M. S. Swaminathan
    Research Foundation (MSSRF), on education,
    communication and gender, Mrs Mina Swaminathan
    feels that"people in various areas of agriculture
    the extension departments, the Ministry, the
    agricultural universities, the ICAR or the
    research system, the Krishi Vigyan Kendras
    (KVK)... the entire agricultural bureaucracy...
    is gender insensitive.
  • They're supposed to be serving the farming
    community but they see only one half of this
    community the men. The entire agricultural
    establishment does little for women because
    they're not aware of women and their problems.
  • historically the academic, research and other
    streams of agriculture have been headed by men
    "and the traditional perception of the kisan is
    male.
  • Another drawback on the gender front in
    agriculture is whenever a poor women is
    considered for betterment we immediately talk
    about starting SHGs
  • In horticulture or dairy, where labour is
    provided usually by women, they do not get the
    profits women take care of the cattle, milk the
    cows, etc, but in the milk co-operatives, the
    members are mostly men. Right from the early days
    the women do all the work in the milk
    co-operatives, but the profits come in the name
    of men.

22
Public Private Partnership in Agriculture (PPP)
  • Partnerships between public research
    institutions, private firms, and civil society
    organizations offer a means of tapping the
    strengths of diverse actors, while channeling
    knowledge and resources into areas where they can
    impact poverty reduction, food security, and
    agriculture-led development and growth.
  • Partnerships in research and innovation enhance
    our capacity to solve complex development
    problems and to provide options to smallholder
    farmers, food-insecure households, rural women,
    and other vulnerable groups.

23
MDG and women in agriculture
  • About 70 percent of the MDGs' target group live
    in rural areas, particularly in Asia and Africa,
  • Agriculture is a critical component in the
    successful attainment of the MDGs.
  • Immediate gains in poor households' welfare can
    be achieved through agriculture, involving women,
    which can help the poor overcome some of the
    critical constraints they now face in meeting
    their basic needs.
  • Thus, a necessary component in meeting the MDGs
    by 2015 in many parts of the world is a more
    productive and profitable agricultural sector.

24
Strengths
  • Linking of agriculture and allied sectors with
    national and international markets to achieve the
    goal of faster and more inclusive growth.
  • Providing critical inputs by linking with
    mobile, computer companies who want to access
    rural markets.
  • New crops with good markets (American corn)
  • Organic outlets in malls (Big Bazar).
  • Making competition work for farmers greater
    information access.

25
Weakness
  • PRI, differences in the devolution of power and
    authority as distinct from delegation of
    functions.
  • Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMC)
    autonomy undermined by no cost sharing by JFMC in
    JFM, Forester as secretary. Secretary appoints
    JFMC members.
  • Non existence of agri-extension at
    village-level it has less staff and focuses on
    subsidy schemes. Oligopolies of private traders
    supply seeds, and inputs on credit. This often
    results in, exploitation (esp. tribals), vested
    information. The PRIs play almost no role
    currently.

26
Opportunity
  • Partnership of the private/ public corporate
    sector with farmers federations or community
    groups have emerged within the framework of
    profit driven initiatives governed on business
    lines with CEO/partners accountable to a Board on
    which the Farmers federation, CBOs and PRIs have
    representation.

27
Threats
  • The performance of NGO implemented watersheds has
    been found to be better in general but a good
    implementing agency is a necessary but not
    sufficient condition.
  • Social and human capital at the village level is
    another critical need.
  • Partnerships between unequal partners as farmers
    comprise an unorganized group, this might led to
    asymmetry in bargaining capabilities.

28
Key Stake holders
  • Government
  • PRI
  • Agriculture department
  • Planning commission
  • Private
  • Companies involved in Agri business
  • Private traders

29
Conti..
  • Institution
  • NABARD
  • RRBs
  • MFIs
  • NGO
  • SIDBI
  • People
  • Farmers
  • Agricultural labourers (Including women
  • labourers

30
Micro Finance and Poverty Alleviation
31
Policy Actor Role Played
Government of India - State support to Cooperative Credit Societies - Nationalization of Commercial banks and the policy initiative of Social Banking concept -Promotion of integrated and sustainable rural income generating activity through subsidized lending under IRDP and SGSY. - Issuing specific directives related to Social and Development banking along with RBI. - Establishment of Rashtriya Mahila Kosh to help women organize income generating activities to improve their socio-economic status. - Providing funds for Portfolio Risk Fund to SIDBI. This fund is used for providing security deposit for the MFI / NGO availing loan from SIDBI.
32
Policy Actor Role Played
Reserve Bank of India Formulation and coordination of rural credit policy as part of its monetary policy Priority sector lending target for NCBs. Agriculture sector 18 and 22 for SSI, small business and exports Issuing licenses to open branches in unbanked and underbanked areas Major contributor to Micro Finance Development and Equity fund (MFDEF).
33
Policy Actor Role Played
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Contribution to MFDEF SHG Bank linkage programme to finance SHGs across the country through formal banking system
Small Industries Development Bank of India Need based assistance in the form of term loans to NGOs / MFIs to meet their lending requirements.
34
Policy Actor Role Played
Formal / Banking Sector RRBs cover the poor not covered by the commercial or cooperative banks Local area banks mobilizes rural savings by local institutions and makes them available for investment locally Introduction of Kisan Credit Cards
MFI - Financial access to those areas which are underbanked - One of the most suitable financial agencies for promoting and fostering SHGs.
35
SWOT Analysis of SHG Bank Linkage programme
  • Strengths
  • Social Collateral
  • Lower transaction cost for banks
  • Reduced the incidence of poverty and helped the
    poor to build assets

36
  • Weakness
  • Dependent on external agency
  • Foray into agricultural credit is limited
  • Limited experience of NGOs in promoting
    microenterprise
  • Marketing problems

37
  • Opportunity
  • Bridging the demand supply gap
  • Support from NABARD
  • Support from commercial banks
  • Inclusion of Service Area Approach

38
  • Threats
  • Quality of SHGs
  • Govt. implementing this design in various poverty
    alleviation programmes

39
Some other models of Micro Finance in India
  • Micro Finance Institutions models
  • Agency Model
  • MFI Bulk lending model
  • Primary Agriculture Credit Societies
  • Post office network and banking services

40
Links between different RFIs
State Governments
RBI / NABARD
Govt. of India
State Cooperative Banks
State Coop. Land Development Bank
Scheduled Commercial Bank
RRBs
Regional Office
Zonal Office
District Central Coop. Banks
PACS
41
Issues of Micro Finance in India
  • Legal Issues
  • - Seventh schedule declares money lending as
    State subject
  • - Doesnt mention private money lending
  • - No model money lending act prepared by
    center.
  • Gender Issues
  • Rate of Interest
  • Choice of productive assets.

42
  • Absence of policy
  • The MicroFinancial Sector (Developments and
    Regulations) Bill which is presently under
    consideration is expected to address the issue
    and the regulator which has been proposed in
    the Bill is expected to put in place the required
    policy and regulatory framework
  • Absence of Information / Statistics

43
Recommendations
  • Access to credit
  • Post office network to be used to deliver
    effective banking servives.
  • NABARD should evolve an efeective strategy to
    implement the business facilitator and
    correspondence model.
  • Formation of consortium by banks
  • Uniform legal framework
  • National Policy on Micro Finance.

44
  • MFIS should be allowed to mobilize savings at
    least from their members under a regulatory
    framework monitored by NABARD.
  • Credit linked subsidy
  • Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
    may be utilized for improving the reach and
    spread of various Micro-Finance and Poverty
    Alleviation Schemes in rural areas in the country

45
References
  • info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/154927/fina
    nceforum2002/pdf/sirtaine.ppt
  • www.indianngos.com/issue/microcredit/operationalis
    sues.htm
  • info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/
  • Organisation and Management of Rural Financial
    Sector Bhupat M Desai N.V. Namboodiri
  • Feminisation of Agriculture and Marginalization
    of their economic stake. - Swarna S Vepa (EPW,
    June 18,2005)
  • Food Security How and for Whom? Maithrevi
    Krishnaraj (EPW, June 18, 2005)
  • Women Professionals in Agriculture Some
    employment issues N Sandhya Shenoy, D Rama Rao
    (EPW, April 24, 2004)

46
Thank You
  • Presented by (LG 4)
  • Anand Saha - 09
  • Gautam Rajagopalan - 16
  • Rajat Kumar - 33
  • Sandeep Saxena - 42
  • Santanu Chakraborty - 44
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