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The Science of Microbiology Classification of Organisms

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Title: The Science of Microbiology Classification of Organisms


1
The Science of MicrobiologyClassification of
Organisms
  • Chapter 1
  • Microbiology
  • Liberty Senior High

2
Two Main Forms of Cells
  • All cells share certain characteristics
  • They are all enclosed by a membrane
  • They all use DNA as genetic information
  • There are two main forms of cells
  • Eukaryotic
  • Prokaryotic

3
  • Prokaryotic cells
  • Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles
    found in eukaryotic cells.

4
Prokaryotic Cells
  • Unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and
    membrane-bound organelles
  • Unique flagella (flagellin), no cilia
  • Bacteria and Archaea Domain
  • Have DNA and cell membranes

5
Bacterial Flagellum
Flagellin Protein
6
Eukaryotic Cells
  • Uni- and multicellular organisms with a nucleus
    and organelles
  • Have a 9 2 arrangement of microtubules to make
    flagella or cilia
  • Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista
  • Have DNA and cell membrane

7
9 2 System of Eukaryotes
  • All eukaryotes with cilia or flagella, build it
    the same way.

9 2 arrangement of microtubules
8
  • Classifying life

9
  • Lifes three domains

10
The Three Domains of Life
  • At the highest level, life is classified into
    three domains
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
  • Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea
  • Consist of prokaryotes
  • Domain Eukarya, the eukaryotes
  • Includes the various protist kingdoms (Protista)
    and the kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

11
Bacteria Domain
  • Unicellular, Prokaryotic
  • Cell Wall- made of peptidoglycan
  • Cell Membrane- unbranched fatty chains
  • Sensitive to antibiotics (different kind of
    ribosome)
  • Circular Chromosome
  • Cannot tolerate extreme temperatures. (gt 100 C)

12
Archaea Domain
  • Unicellular, Prokaryotic
  • Cell Wall- no peptidoglycan.
  • Cell Membrane- branched fatty chains.
  • Not sensitive to antibiotics (different kind of
    ribosome)
  • Circular Chromosome
  • Grow in extreme environ. (Extremophiles-
    thermophiles and halophiles)

13
Eukarya Domain
  • Uni- and multicellular, Eukaryotic
  • Cell Wall- no peptidoglycan (cellulose or chitin)
  • Cell Membrane- unbranched fatty chains.
  • Not sensitive to antibiotics (different
    ribosomes)
  • Linear Chromosomes
  • Cannot grow in extreme temps. (gt 100 C)

14
Bacteria Kingdom
  • Unicellular, Prokaryote
  • Peptidoglycan Cell Wall
  • Nutrition- Autotroph and Heterotrophic
  • Motility- may have bacterial flagella
  • Asexual Reprod. And Conjugation
  • No nervous system
  • Examples E. coli, Salmonella, etc.

15
Archaea Kingdom
  • Unicellular, Prokaryote
  • No peptidoglycan in cell wall, muramic acid
  • Nutrition- Autotrophic and Heterotrophic
  • Motility- Different Kind of Bacterial Flagella
  • Asexual Reprod. And Conjugation
  • No nervous system
  • Examples Methanogens, halophiles, and
    thermophiles

16
Protista Kingdom
  • Mostly Uni- but some multicellular Eukaryotes
  • Various Types of Cell Wall, no peptidoglycan
  • Nutrition- Autotrophic and Heterotrophic
  • Motility- (9 2) Cilia or flagella
  • Meiosis and Fertilization
  • Nervous system- primitive conduction of some
    stimuli (light, heat, etc.)
  • Ex. Paramecia, Amoeba, Euglena

17
Fungi Kingdom
  • Mostly multi, some unicellular Eukaryotes
  • Chitin Cell Wall
  • Nutrition- Heterotrophic
  • Nonmotile
  • Meiosis and Fertilization
  • No nervous system
  • Ex. molds, mushrooms, mildew

18
Animalia Kingdom
  • Multicellular, Eukaryote
  • No cell wall
  • Nutrition- Heterotrophic
  • Motility- (9 2) Cilia or flagella
  • Meiosis and Fertilization
  • Primitive and complex nervous systems
  • Ex. worms, fish, birds, YOU!

19
Plantae Kingdom
  • Multicellular Eukaryote
  • Cell Wall Cellulose
  • Nutrition Autotroph
  • Most cells are nonmotile, but some make
    reproductive cells that have (9 2) flagella
  • Meiosis and Fertilization
  • No nervous system
  • Meiosis and Fertilization
  • Ex. Trees, shrubs, Venus Fly Trap!

20
How Do We Group Microorganisms?
  • Into Four Kingdoms
  • Protista- protists and algae (many Kingdoms)
  • Fungi- yeast and other fungi
  • Eubacteria- true bacteria (many Kingdoms)
  • Archaebacteria- ancient bacteria (many
    Kingdoms)
  • In its own Group
  • Viruses

21
Show me the ancient bacteria- Kingdom
Archaebacteria.
  • Video Intimate Strangers- The Tree of Life.

22
Question of the Day!
  • Who was the first microbiologist?

23
Holy Moses!
  • Instructed people to bury feces and other wastes.
  • Bible also refers to isolating lepers.
    (Deuteronomy, Ch. 13)

24
Hippocrates
  • Greek physician in 400 B.C. who established
    medical ethics.
  • Linked symptoms to certain diseases.
  • Realized diseases could be transmitted by
    clothing.

25
Bubonic Plague (Black Death)
  • 542-1600s, spread into Europe by caravan and sea
    trading routes.
  • Carried by fleas on ship rats.

26
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27
Xenopsylla cheopis
28
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29
Show me more of the Black Death!
  • Video Secrets of the Dead- The Mystery of the
    Black Death

30
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31
Bubonic and Septicemic Plague
32
The First Case of Biological Weapons? Caffa
33
Flagellism and Anti-Semitism
34
Robert Hooke
  • In 17th Century, built the first microscope.
  • Used the term cell to describe what he
    saw--after the small rooms of monks.

35
Hand-drawn images from Micrographia, published in
1665, Robert Hooke
36
Hookes First Microscope
37
Anton von Leewenhoek
38
Leewenhoek
  • From 1632-1723, he designed microscopes.
  • Described animalcules
  • Never sold his microscopes, microbiology didnt
    advance for 100 yrs.

39
Schleiden and Schwann
  • Formulated the Cell Theory- that cells are the
    fundamental units of all life.

40
Germ Theory
  • Mid-19th Century Microorganisms can invade other
    organisms and cause disease.

41
Spontaneous Generation
  • Belief that life arose from nonliving things, a
    vital force found in the air.
  • Ex Broth turning cloudy happened spontaneously
    from nonliving material.
  • Ex Rags? rats
  • Meat ? maggots.

42
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43
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44
Francesco Redi, 1626-1697
  • 1668, first controlled, experiment to disprove
    spontaneous generation. Rotten meat experiment
    refutes abiogenesis.

45
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46
Francesco Redi
  • Disproved spontaneous generation with the fly and
    rotting meat experiment.

47
John Needham, 1713-1781
  • First Catholic clergyman to become a member of
    the Royal Society of London.
  • 1754, boiled chicken broth and put it into a
    flask and sealed it. Saw growth.

48
Needham and Vital Atoms
  • Needham and Georges Comte de Buffon proposed
    vital atoms cause life.
  • They could be seen in pond water and infusions.
  • Vital atoms escape dying organic material and
    move into the soil or water to be taken up the
    the plants.

49
Lazzaro Spallanzani, 1729-1799
  • Italian priest who suggested that the microbes
    entered the broth from the air after boiling.
  • In 1765, he describes another experiment to test
    if microbes appear spontaneously.

50
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51
Needham and others vitalists reply
  • Argue the experiment only proves that spontaneous
    generation requires air.
  • Need the vital force.
  • Even Spallanzani agrees in some cases-
    regeneration and other cases of microbes.

52
Salamander Limb Regeneration

Retrieved from http//darwin.bio.uci.edu/mrjc/,
September 28, 2004
53
What Spallanzani Might Have Seen!
Retrieved from http//darwin.bio.uci.edu/mrjc/,
September 28, 2004
54
Louis Pasteur
55
Pasteur and Tyndall
  • In the mid-1800s, disproved spontaneous
    generation using experiments with swan-necked
    flasks--allowed the air with the vital force to
    enter.

56
Pasteurs Swan-necked Flask Experiment
57
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58
Pasteur and the Swan-Necked Flask
59
Louis Pasteur
  • From 1822-1895
  • Developed pasteurization technique of heating
    wine to kill other microorganisms without killing
    yeast.
  • Developed first rabies vaccine- from rabbit
    spinal cord

60
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61
Robert Koch
62
Robert Koch
  • Developed techniques for isolating bacteria and
    growing in vitro (out of the body)
  • Developed different medias for growing cultures.

63
Kochs Postulates
Step 1.
Step 2.
Step 3.
Step 4.
64
Kochs Postulates
  • 1.) The specific pathogen (disease-causing)
    organism must be found in all cases of the
    disease.
  • 2.) The pathogen must be isolated.

65
Kochs Postulates
  • 3.) Must inoculate a healthy animal with the
    pathogen and cause the disease.
  • 4.) Must recover the same pathogen from the
    inoculated animal.

66
Still use Kochs Postulates Today!
  • The Story of Lyme Disease-Borrelia burgdorferi
  • Video Parasites-The Body Snatchers, 96

67
Ignaz Semmelweis-The Father of Sanitary Practices
68
Ignaz Semmelweis
  • 1800s, Autopsy to child birth puerperal
    (childbed) fever.
  • Encouraged sanitary practices by physicians.
  • Ridiculed, had a nervous breakdown, asylum and
    died of an infection.

69
Joseph Lister
  • Developed aseptic technique for surgeons
  • Used carbolic acid to sterilize instruments.

70
The First Vaccines Came Out of an Epidemic!
  • The Story of Smallpox
  • Video Plagues The Smallpox Curse, 36

71
Smallpox Skin Lesions
72
How Do We Protect Ourselves? Immunology
  • Ancient Chinese- inhaled ground smallpox
    scabs--develop a mild case of smallpox but
    survive later exposure.

73
Smallpox and Edward Jenner
  • In late 1100s, smallpox had been carried back to
    Europe with the Crusaders from the Near East.
  • Late 1700s, Jenner realized milkmaids with
    cowpox did not get smallpox.
  • First tested vaccine (vacca means cow) against
    smallpox.

74
Sarah Nelmes- Cow Pox Lesion and James Phipps
75
Edward Jenner- Ethics are Relative?
76
Eli Metchnikoff
  • In the 1880s, discovered that the human body has
    cells which can ingest microbes.
  • Called them phagocytes or cell-eating.

77
Virology and Beijerinck
  • Called microbes that could pass through filters
    viruses.
  • Established that they needed host cells for their
    own replication.

78
Viruses and Cancer
  • Rous discovered that certain viruses can cause
    cancer.
  • Won the Nobel Prize in 1966. Human Papilloma
  • Virus- warts and
  • cervical cancer.

79
Viruses and Cancer
  • Human Hepatitis B virus
  • Can cause liver cancer.
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