Nutritional Diseases

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Nutritional Diseases
Welcome to the class

• Dr( Lt Col) Sarder Mahmud Hossain, PhD
• Associate Professor
• NUB

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• What is Nutritional Disease
• Nutritional Diseases are those diseases in
  humans that are directly or indirectly caused by
  a lack of essential nutrients in the diet.
  Nutritional diseases are commonly associated with
  chronic malnutrition.
• Additionally, conditions such as obesity from
  overeating can also cause, or contribute to,
  serious health problems. Excessive intake of some
  nutrients can cause acute poisoning.

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Malnutrition

• It is the condition that results from taking an
  unbalanced diet in which certain nutrients are
  lacking, in excess(too high an intake) , or in
  the wrong proportions. A number of different
  nutrition disorders may arise, depending on which
  nutrients are under or overabundant in the diet.

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Principal Nutrients

• Protein
• Fats
• Carbohydrates
• Minerals and vitamins are essential ingredients
  of foods.

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Deficiency Diseases

• Nutritional deficiencies includes
• Protein-energy malnutrition includes----
• Kwashiorkor
• Marasmus
• Marasmic-kwashiorkor
• -Mental retardation
• b. Iodine deficiency,
• c. Vitamin A deficiency, and
• d. Iron deficiency anaemia.

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Dietary vitamins and mineral Deficiency

• 1. Calcium
• Osteoporosis
• Rickets
• Tetany
• 2. Iodine deficiency
• Goiter
• 3. Selenium deficiency
• Keshan disease

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Deficiency Disease-contd

• 4. Zinc
• Growth retardation
• 5. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
• Beriberi
• Niacin (Vitamin B3)
• Pellagra
• 7. Vitamin C
• Scurvy
• 8. Vitamin D
• Osteoporosis
• Rickets

• 9.Riboflavin(B2)- It is important for body growth
  and red blood cell production and helps in
  releasing energy from carbohydrates.
• 10. B6(pyridoxine) Vitamin B6 helps the immune
  system produce antibodies.

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Deficiency Disease-contd

• 11. Folic Acid (B9)-Folic acid works along
  with vitamin B12 and vitamin C to help the body
  break down, use, and create new proteins.
• 12. Vitamin A--Vitamin A helps form and maintain
  healthy teeth, skeletal and soft tissue, mucous
  membranes, and skin.

• It is also known as retinol because it produces
  the pigments in the retina of the eye.
• Vitamin A promotes good vision, especially in low
  light. It may also be needed for reproduction and
  breast-feeding.

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Deficiency Disease-contd

• Vitamin B12 deficiency leads to megaloblastic
  anemia .
• vitamin K deficiency causes impaired coagulation
  .

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Vitamin Poisoning

• Vitamin poisoning is the condition of overly high
  storage levels of vitamins, which can lead to
  toxic symptoms. The medical names of the
  different conditions are derived from the vitamin
  involved an excess of vitamin A, for example, is
  called "hypervitaminosis A".
• Iron overload disorders are diseases caused by
  the over accumulation of iron in the body. Organs
  commonly affected are the liver, heart and
  endocrine glands.

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• Avitaminosis is any disease caused by chronic or
  long-term vitamin deficiency or caused by a
  defect in metabolic conversion, such as
  tryptophan to niacin. They are designated by the
  same letter as the vitamin.
• Hypervitaminosis is the syndrome of symptoms
  caused by over-retention of fat-soluble vitamins
  in the body.

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Nutrients Deficiency Excess
Food energy Starvation, Marasmus Obesity, diabetes mellitus, Cardiovascular disease
Simple carbohydrates None diabetes mellitus, Obesity
Complex carbohydrates None Obesity
Saturated fat low sex hormone levels Cardiovascular disease
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Nutrients Deficiency Excess
Food energy Starvation, Marasmus Obesity, diabetes mellitus, Cardiovascular disease
Simple carbohydrates None diabetes mellitus, Obesity
Complex carbohydrates None Obesity
Saturated fat low sex hormone levels Cardiovascular disease
Trans fat None Cardiovascular Disease
Unsaturated fat None Obesity
Fat Malabsorption of Fat-soluble vitamins, Rabbit Starvation (If protein intake is high) Cardiovascular Disease (claimed by some)
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Nutrients Deficiency Excess
Trans fat None Cardiovascular Disease
Unsaturated fat None Obesity
Fat Malabsorption of Fat-soluble vitamins, Rabbit Starvation (If protein intake is high) Cardiovascular Disease (claimed by some)
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Nutrients Deficiency Excess
Vitamin A Xerophthalmia and Night Blindness, low testosterone levels Hypervitaminosis A (cirrhosis, hair loss)
Vitamin B1 Beri-Beri
Vitamin B2 Cracking of skin and Corneal Ulceration
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Pellagra dyspepsia, cardiac arrhythmias, birth defects
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Protein kwashiorkor Rabbit starvation
Sodium hyponatremia Hypernatremia, hypertension
Iron Anemia Cirrhosis, heart disease
Iodine Goiter, hypothyroidism Iodine Toxicity (goiter, hypothyroidism)




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Vitamin B1 Beri-Beri
Vitamin B2 Cracking of skin and
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Pellagra dyspepsia, cardiac arrhythmias, birth defects
Magnesium Hypertension Weakness, nausea, vomiting, impaired breathing, and hypotension
Potassium Hypokalemia, cardiac arrhythmias Hyperkalemia, palpitations
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Vitamin E nervous disorders Hypervitaminosis E (anticoagulant excessive bleeding)
Vitamin K Haemorrhage
Calcium Osteoporosis, tetany, carpopedal spasm, laryngospasm, cardiac arrhythmias Fatigue, depression, confusion, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, pancreatitis, increased urination
Magnesium Hypertension Weakness, nausea, vomiting, impaired breathing, and hypotension
Potassium Hypokalemia, cardiac arrhythmias Hyperkalemia, palpitations
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Country Number of Undernourished (million)
India 217.05
China 154.0
Bangladesh 43.45
Democratic Republic of Congo 37.0
Pakistan 35.2
Ethiopia 31.5
Tanzania 16.1
Philippines 15.2
Brazil 14.4
Indonesia 13.8
Vietnam 13.8
Thailand 13.4
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Nigeria 11.5
Kenya 9.7
Sudan 8.8
Mozambique 8.3
North Korea 7.9
Yemen 7.1
Madagascar 7.1
Colombia 5.9
Zimbabwe 5.7
Mexico 5.1
Zambia 5.1
Angola 5.0
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Overnutrition

• Obesity is caused by consuming too many calories
  compared to the amount of exercise the body is
  performing, causing a distorted energy balance.

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Health Impact

• The non-fatal, but debilitating health problems
  associated with obesity include
• Respiratory difficulties,
• Chronic musculoskeletal problems,
• Skin problems and
• Infertility.

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Cancer Obesity

• Several types of cancer are associated with
  being overweight.
• In women, these include cancer of the uterus,
  gallbladder, cervix, ovary, breast, and colon.
• Overweight men are at greater risk of
  developing cancer of the colon, rectum, and
  prostate.

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Health Consequence-summary

• Coronary heart disease
• Type 2 diabetes
• Cancers (endometrial, breast, and colon)
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Dyslipidemia (for example, high total cholesterol
  or high levels of triglycerides)
• Stroke

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Health Consequence-summary-contd

• Liver and Gallbladder disease
• Sleep apnea and respiratory problems
• Osteoarthritis (a degeneration of cartilage and
  its underlying bone within a joint)
• Gynecological problems (abnormal menses,
  infertility)
• Gout
• Psychological effects on child

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Health Impact-contd
The likelihood of developing Type 2 diabetes and
hypertension rises steeply with increasing body
fatness. Approximately 85 of people with
diabetes are type 2, and of these, 90 are obese
or overweight.
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Health Impact-contd

• Raised BMI also increases the risks of-------
• Cancer of the breast,
• Colon,
• Prostate,
• Endometrium,
• Kidney and
• Gallbladder.

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Consequence-contd

• Obesity affects the endocrine system, leading to
  changes in sex hormones, adrenal hormones, and
  the ability to respond appropriately to insulin.
  Type II diabetes has become more common during
  adolescence as the prevalence of obesity has
  increased. Sleep apnea, due to obstructed
  breathing during sleep, is more common among
  obese children and adolescents.

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Health Impact-contd
Chronic overweight and obesity contribute
significantly to osteoarthritis, a major cause
of disability in adults. World Health Report
2002 evaluates that, approximately 58 of
diabetes and 21 of ischemic heart disease and
8-42 of certain cancers globally were
attributable to a BMI above 21 kg/m2.
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Consequence in adolescence Childhood

• Unfortunately poor self-esteem, depression, and
  the development of eating disorders occur often
  in individuals with histories of obesity
  particularly in children and adolescents.

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Think before You Eat
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Thank You