ACRP 07-01 New Concepts for Airport Terminal Landside Facilities

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ACRP 07-01 New Concepts for Airport Terminal
Landside Facilities

• In association with Ricondo Associates,
  TransSolutions, TranSecure

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RESEARCH
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Research Methodology

• Background
• Research Objective
• Project Objectives
• Key Assumptions
• Research Approach
• Published Document Review
• Aviation Industry Interviews
• Airport Site Visits
• Approach to Developing New Concepts
• Passenger Processes
• Issues Passengers Commonly Face
• Innovations Identified
• Concepts Incorporating Innovations
• Evaluation Process

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Background

• Research Objective
• Develop new concepts that will stimulate design
  innovation for terminal landside facilities at
  FAA-designated large- and medium-hub airports to
  improve passenger accessibility and level of
  service between ground transportation and the
  secure parts of the terminal
• Project Objectives
• To develop new concepts for airport terminal
  landside facilities that
• Improve the passenger experience
• Stimulate innovative design solutions
• Address the needs of the elderly traveler
• Are implementable within a 5-10 year time frame

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Background

• Key Assumptions
• Common-use self-service (CUSS) kiosks will become
  more widely implemented, especially at U.S.
  airports
• Passengers will be able to tag their own check
  baggage
• Approximately 80 of the travelling public will
  obtain boarding passes or check their baggage via
  SSDs or the Internet the remainder will use
  full-service functions at the airport
• Airport operators will take advantage of the
  flexibility to tailor their security programs to
  avoid the 300-foot rule, which bans any
  unauthorized vehicles from parking within 300
  feet of the terminal when the DHS has elevated
  the threat level to orange

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Research Approach

• Published Document Review
• Passenger Satisfaction
• Aging Passengers
• Industry Initiatives
• Wayfinding
• Passenger Processing
• Innovative Terminal Design / Future Trends
• Regional Access to Airports
• On-airport ground access
• Public parking

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Research Approach

• Aviation Industry Interviews
• Airport Management
• Airlines
• Airport Technology Groups
• Airport Ground Transportation
• Key Findings

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Research Approach

• Airport Site Visits
• San Francisco International (CUSS, remote baggage
  check)
• Heathrow Terminal 5 (Curbside check-in
  operations)
• Stansted (flexibility, ground transportation
  connectivity)
• Munich (self-service check-in, curbside
  operations, regional transit connectivity)
• Vienna International (self-service check-in,
  regional transit connectivity)
• Hong Kong International (ground transportation
  center)

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Research Results

• Key Passenger Processes
• Key Issues for Passengers
• Current and Planned Innovations

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Key Passenger Processes

• Arriving at the Airport

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Key Passenger Processes

• Leaving the Airport

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Key Issues for Passengers

• Waiting / Queuing
• Walking / Vertical Transitions
• Baggage Handling by Passengers
• Information / Signage / Wayfinding
• Vehicular Movement / Pickup / Drop-off
• Safety and Security

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Approach to Developing New Concepts
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Areas of Innovation

• Common-use Self-service (CUSS)
• Departures Hall Organization
• Remote Check-in
• Alternative Curbsides
• Elderly Friendly Design
• Arrival Amenities

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TERMINAL INNOVATIONS
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Process-based Departures Hall
DESCRIPTION

• The implementation of common-use self-service
  (CUSS) allows for the departures hall to be
  separated into three sections based on check-in
  processes rather than airlines. The terminal
  curbside would also be arranged and signed by
  process.

KEY DRIVERS

• Improve utilization by aggregating demand for all
  airlines versus the peak and valley of an
  individual carriers schedule that results in
  periods of inactivity
• Resolve issues associated with disproportionate
  relationship between a carriers curbside
  frontage and ticket counter frontage
• Reduce or even delay major terminal facility
  expansion

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Process-based Departures Hall
DESCRIPTION

• The implementation of common-use self-service
  (CUSS) allows for the departures hall to be
  separated into three sections based on check-in
  processes rather than airlines. The terminal
  curbside would also be arranged and signed by
  process.

SIMULATION ANALYSIS

• Airport A
• 2 million annual enplanements
• 560 peak hour originating passengers
• 45 percent reduction in full-service check-in
  positions
• Airport B
• 7 million annual enplanements
• 2,100 peak hour originating passengers
• 40 percent reduction in full-service check-in
  positions
• 30 percent fewer self-service kiosks

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Self-service Baggage Check
DESCRIPTION

• Self-service baggage check allows for a one-step
  system where passengers can obtain a boarding
  pass and tag their own bags in one location as
  compared to the current two-step self-service
  check-in system.

KEY DRIVERS

• Further empower passengers to serve themselves
• Allow agents to focus on full-service customers
  and provide a higher level of service
• Improved staff utilization with roaming agents
  in self-service area

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Self-service Baggage Check
DESCRIPTION

• Self-service baggage check allows for a one-step
  system where passengers can obtain a boarding
  pass and tag their own bags in one location as
  compared to the current two-step self-service
  check-in system.

EXAMPLES

• Vienna International Airport
• Munich Airport
• Both employ a two-step system with agent-staffed
  baggage drop positions and one-step self-service
  boarding pass and baggage check kiosks

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Low-profile Passenger Baggage Devices
DESCRIPTION

• Low-profile passenger baggage devices address the
  issues associated with traditional passenger
  baggage devices by minimizing the distance
  passengers have to lift their baggage onto or a
  ticket counter bag well or of a claim device.

KEY DRIVERS

• Improved baggage handling for elderly and
  disabled passengers
• Reduce injuries to agents resulting from baggage
  handling

TICKET COUNTER BAG WELL
BAGGAGE CLAIM
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Low-profile Passenger Baggage Devices
DESCRIPTION
Low-profile passenger baggage devices address the
issues associated with traditional passenger
baggage devices by minimizing the distance
passengers have to lift their baggage onto or a
ticket counter bag well or of a claim device.
EXAMPLES

• Low-profile ticket counter bag wells are or will
  be in use at
• Vienna International Airport
• DFW Terminal D
• JFK Terminal 8
• MIA North Terminal
• Flat plate baggage devices are often used in
  small hub airports where departures and arrivals
  are on the same level

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High-capacity Flow-through Elevators
DESCRIPTION

• High-capacity flow-through elevators are designed
  to operate on a fixed schedule and are intended
  to be in the primary path of travel. They would
  act more like a vertical people mover than a
  traditional elevator.

KEY DRIVERS

• Improve vertical transitions for the elderly and
  disabled, particularly those with check baggage
• Ease vertical transitions for passengers using
  baggage carts

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High-capacity Flow-through Elevators
DESCRIPTION

• High-capacity flow-through elevators are designed
  to operate on a fixed schedule and are intended
  to be in the primary path of travel. They would
  act more like a vertical people mover than a
  traditional elevator.

EXAMPLES

• LHR Terminal 5 uses banks of five to transport
  passengers between the transit station and the
  departures level
• High rise office buildings
• Subterranean transit stations

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Consolidated Meeters and Greeters Area
DESCRIPTION

• Creating a single exit from the secure area to
  the arrivals hall allows for meeters and greeters
  to more easily find their party and creates a
  natural opportunity to provide concessions and
  other amenities, such as baggage carts or
  restrooms.

KEY DRIVERS

• Recapture the revenue stream from meeters and
  greeters that was lost after September 11, 2001
• Improves ability of meeters and greeters to
  assist elderly or disabled parties with
  retrieving checked baggage
• Reduces the number of exits from the secure area
  that have to be monitored by airport or airline
  personnel

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Consolidated Meeters and Greeters Area
DESCRIPTION

• Creating a single exit from the secure area to
  the arrivals hall allows for meeters and greeters
  to more easily find their party and creates a
  natural opportunity to provide concessions and
  other amenities, such as baggage carts or
  restrooms.

EXAMPLES

• International arrivals facilities typically have
  meeters and greeters areas

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Arrivals Lounges
DESCRIPTION

• Arrivals lounges provide the same level of
  service to arriving passengers as that provided
  to departing passengers by offering a comfortable
  waiting area and the necessary information to
  ease travelers anxiety.

KEY DRIVERS

• Improve level of service for arriving passengers

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Arrivals Lounges
DESCRIPTION

• Arrivals lounges provide the same level of
  service to arriving passengers as that provided
  to departing passengers by offering a comfortable
  waiting area and the necessary information to
  ease travelers anxiety.

EXAMPLES

• Tour bus lounges at London Stansted

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TERMINAL CONCEPTS
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Terminal Concepts

• Departures Hall
• Main Street Check-in
• Three Lane Check-in
• Three Stage Check-in
• Diagonal Check-in
• Simulation Analysis
• Arrivals Hall
• Consolidated Domestic Arrivals Hall
• Ground Transportation Lounges

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Main Street Check-in
DESCRIPTION

• Passengers approaching curbside are offered two
  options (1) direct to SSCP for those who
  obtained boarding passes from a remote kiosk or
  via the Internet (2) all other passengers
  (boarding pass, bag check, full-service).

ADVANTAGES / DISADVANTAGES

• Very adaptable to existing departures halls
• Enables clear and effective curbside separation
  with fast-track route to SSCP
• Help Point acts as a back-up to self-service with
  additional support from full-service counters
• Longest walk for BP only passengers

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Three-lane Check-in
DESCRIPTION
Passengers approaching curbside are offered three
options (1) direct to SSCP for those who
obtained boarding passes from a remote kiosk or
via the Internet (2) self-service check-in with
bag drop or, (3) full-service agent positions.
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES

• Further separates passengers according to their
  service requirements
• Enables better distribution of curbside traffic
• Provides a fast-track to the SSCP
• Full-service counters do not back up the
  self-service positions
• Airline support area would be remote from the
  agent positions
• Longest walk distance for premium passengers
  seeking full-service

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Three-stage Check-in
DESCRIPTION
All passengers would enter through a single point
and then proceed down a central mall with service
offerings on either side, beginning with
self-service functions for boarding passes and
bag drop, and, finally, full-service counters.
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES

• Very intuitive wayfinding through logical
  progression of service offerings
• Self-service positions are prominent, which would
  encourage their use
• Full-service functions are a last resort
• Requires much greater building depth than
  traditionally found in terminal buildings
• Baggage system costs would be much higher than
  traditional linear arrangements

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Directional Check-in
DESCRIPTION

• Variation of traditional European island check-in
  system that provides similar intuitive wayfinding
  as a flow-through arrangement but utilizes a
  traditional linear ticket counter arrangement.

ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES

• Very logical passenger flow and arrangement of
  service offerings
• Compatible with many existing departure halls
• Utilized a traditional baggage conveyor
  configuration
• Requires relocation of airline support area to a
  remote location

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Consolidated Domestic Arrivals Hall
DESCRIPTION

• All domestic arrivals would emerge through a
  well-defined exit into a meeters and greeters
  area similar to an international arrivals
  facility. Amenities could be located adjacent to
  the meeters and greeters area.

ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES

• Arriving passengers can choose to exit the
  arrivals hall directly or enter the baggage claim
  area
• Adequate spacing of devices would allow for
  seating for elderly or disabled passengers
• Arrivals lounges would be available to enhance
  the arrivals experience
• Entire concept is not very adaptable to existing
  terminals, but pieces could be implemented

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Arrivals Lounges
INNOVATION

• An arrivals lounge would provide the same types
  of amenities for passengers waiting for ground
  transportation as departing passengers experience
  in gate holdrooms while waiting to board an
  aircraft.

ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES

• Real-time information reduces passenger stress
• Improves passenger safety and security
• Greatly improves passenger comfort
• Cost of providing an arrivals lounge could
  outweigh benefits
• Requires cooperation and support of various
  ground transportation providers

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LANDSIDE INNOVATIONS
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Landside Innovations

• Passenger Processing Facilities
• Adjacent Passenger Processing Facilities
• On-airport Passenger Processing Facilities
• Remote Passenger Processing Facilities
• Curbside Operations
• Departures Plaza
• Remote Departures and Arrivals Plaza
• Drive-through Self-service Bag Drop Plaza

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Passenger Processing Facilities
DESCRIPTION

• The relocation of major passenger processing
  functions commonly located in airport terminal
  landside facilities adjacent to an existing
  terminal, or remote from the airport near a major
  population center.

KEY DRIVERS

• Need to delay major capital projects required to
  expand the capacity of an existing terminal

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Passenger Processing Facilities
DESCRIPTION

• The relocation of major passenger processing
  functions commonly located in airport terminal
  landside facilities adjacent to an existing
  terminal, or remote from the airport near a major
  population center.

EXAMPLES

• Remote parking baggage check
• Chicago OHare
• San Francisco
• Curbside check-in in adjacent garage
• Atlanta
• Curbside, parking, and regional transit in
  adjacent garage
• Heathrow
• Remote baggage check and check-in at downtown
  location
• Vienna
• Hong Kong

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Bag Check Plaza
DESCRIPTION

• Allows passengers to check in for flights, obtain
  boarding passes, and check bags before proceeding
  to parking facility or the curbside.

KEY DRIVERS

• Need to decrease congestion on the curbside
  roadway and departures hall without increasing
  their physical size
• Desire to increase customer service

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Bag Check Plaza
DESCRIPTION

• Allows passengers to check in for flights, obtain
  boarding passes, and check bags before proceeding
  to parking facility or the curbside.

CONFIGURATIONS

• Linear Layout
• Requires less land than parallel layout
• More difficult to get into and out of open spaces
• Parallel Layout
• Bypass lane allow for easy entry and exit
• Requires multiple bag belts to accommodate
  multiple islands
• Requires more land than linear layout

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Bag Check Plaza
DESCRIPTION

• Allows passengers to check in for flights, obtain
  boarding passes, and check bags before proceeding
  to parking facility or the curbside.

EXAMPLES

• Hawaiian Airlines Drive-Thru Check-in at Honolulu
  International Airport

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Bag Check Plaza
DESCRIPTION

• Allows passengers to check in for flights, obtain
  boarding passes, and check bags before proceeding
  to parking facility or the curbside.

EXAMPLES

• Aloha Airlines (prior to its cessation of service
  in April 2008) Drive-thru Check-in at Honolulu
  International Airport

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Bag Check Plaza
DESCRIPTION

• Allows passengers to check in for flights, obtain
  boarding passes, and check bags before proceeding
  to parking facility or the curbside.

SIMULATION ANALYSIS

• A medium-hub airport with a high percentage (77
  percent) of POVs
• 1,200 peak hour enplaned passengers
• 60 percent of the passengers checking bags
  requires 12 self-service positions
• 40 percent of the passengers checking bags
  requires 8 self-service positions
• maximum passenger queues in terminal would be
  reduced by 50 percent or more

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Supplemental Curbsides
DESCRIPTION

• Providing a portion, or in the case of a new
  terminal, all of the curbside functions into an
  adjacent parking structure or surface lot.

KEY DRIVERS

• The need for additional curbside and curbside
  roadway capacity
• Desire to improve pedestrian safety by reducing
  the number of traffic lanes that passengers must
  cross to access the terminal

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Supplemental Curbsides
DESCRIPTION

• Providing a portion, or in the case of a new
  terminal, all of the curbside functions into an
  adjacent parking structure or surface lot.

EXAMPLES

• LHR Terminal 5
• Curbsides located in adjacent parking structure
• SAN Terminals 1 and 2
• Commercial vehicle curbside located on a portion
  of the surface parking lot adjacent to the
  terminal
• MUC Terminal 2
• Forecourts on each side of the terminal building

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Passenger Assistance Parking Area
DESCRIPTION

• Dedicated, close-in parking spaces provided free
  of charge, which allows visitors to accompany
  passenger(s) to or from the terminal.

KEY DRIVERS

• Desire to provide a high level of customer
  service for meeters and greeters and well-wishers
  accompanying an airline passenger to or from the
  terminal

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Passenger Assistance Parking Area
DESCRIPTION

• Dedicated, close-in parking spaces provided free
  of charge, which allows visitors to accompany
  passenger(s) to or from the terminal.

EXAMPLES

• BNA
• Vehicles pull into spaces where they are allotted
  10 minutes to greet and assist their passengers
• MUC Terminal 2.

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LANDSIDE CONCEPTS
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Landside Concepts

• Adjacent Passenger Processing Facilities (APPF)
• Alternatives (5)
• APPF Concept Example
• On-airport Passenger Processing Facilities (OPPF)
• Alternatives (3)
• OPPF Concept Example
• Remote Passenger processing Facilities (RPPF)
• Alternatives (2)
• RPPF Concept Example

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APPF Alternative 1
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APPF Alternative 2
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APPF Alternative 3
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APPF Alternative 4
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APPF Alternative 5
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APPF Concept Example
DEPARTURES LEVEL
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APPF Concept Example
ARRIVALS LEVEL
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OPPF Alternative 1
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OPPF Alternative 2
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OPPF Alternative 3
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OPPF Alternative 3
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OPPF Concept Example
APM STATION LEVEL
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OPPF Concept Example
LOWER LEVEL
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RPPF Alternative 1
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RPPF Alternative 2
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RPPF Alternative 2
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RPPF Concept Example
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CONCLUSIONS
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Applicability of Results to Airport Practice

• Critical Factors for Acceptance by Airport
  Stakeholders
• Passenger self-tagging requires regulatory
  approval and stakeholder buy-in
• Common-use technology needs to become
  widely-accepted by both airports and airlines
• Relocation of curbside functions, particularly
  POV activities, to alternative locations
• Potential Impediments to Implementation
• Airport operators decision to avoid the 300-foot
  rules by implementing an approved Bomb Incident
  Prevention Plan (BIPP)
• Approval to use PFC revenues for improvements to
  customer service
• Willingness of airlines to relinquish brand
  identity for operational improvements and
  potential cost savings

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PROJECT TEAM
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Project Team

• Senior Program Officer
• Michael Salamone
• Project Panel
• Bruce Anderson, Chair
• Teresa Davidson
• Jorge Garcia
• Karen Scott
• Prianka Seneviratne
• Lawrence Smith
• Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison
• Patrick Sullivan, FAA Liaison

• Research Team
• Phil Mein, Principal Investigator
• Andrew Kirchhoff, PM / Terminal Planner
• Allen Hoffman, Senior Landside Planner
• Jacob Strawn, Landside Planner
• Belinda Hargrove, Simulations
• Art Kosatka, Airport Security Expert