How did Hitler turn the Chancellorship into a dictatorship by 1934?

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How did Hitler turn the Chancellorship into a
dictatorship by 1934?
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HITLER BECAME CHANCELLOR
THE REICHSTAG FIRE
THE ENABLING ACT
Der Fuhrer
OATH OF LOYALTY TO HITLER
THE NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES
DEATH OF PRESIDENT HINDENBURG
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The depression after the Wall Street Crash made
many more people vote for the Nazis. In 1933 Von
Papen convinced Hindenburg that Hitler should
become Chancellor.
Hitler became Chancellor
January 1933
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The Reichstag Fire
February 1933
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The Reichstag Fire

• The Reichstag building burned down.
• A communist was found inside the building. He
  admitted responsibility after being forced.
• Chancellor Hitler was able to convince people
  that the Communists were trying to take power by
  terrorism.
• He was able to have the Communists banned from
  the Reichstag.

February 1933
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The Reichstag Fire

• Hitler had his storm troopers round up all
  communist supporters and leaders and had them
  thrown into jail.
• First step to repress opposition

February 1933
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The Enabling Act
With the Communists banned from the Reichstag
Hitler was able to pass
HITLER CAN RULE ALONE FOR FOUR YEARS. THERE IS
NO NEED TO CONSULT THE REICHSTAG.
March 1933
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THE ENABLING ACT GAVE HITLER THE POWER TO MAKE
HIS OWN LAWS. SO, HE BANNED ALL OTHER POLITICAL
PARTIES!
KPD
SPD
DDP
Zentrum
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Political prisoners were put in concentration
camps run by the S.S.
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The Night of the Long Knives
Now I have got rid of opposition political
groups, I can now deal with opposition in my
party. Ernst Rohm (an old friend), head of the
S.A. is very unpopular with the German army
leaders. They have the power to overthrow me.Ive
been worried about Rohm for a while, so this is a
good excuse.
June 1934
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The Night of the Long Knives

• Hitler had to get rid of Rohm. He was too much of
  a threat.
• On the night of 30th June 1934 Hitlers S.S.
  killed over 1000 SA members including Rohm.
• The army were pleased.
• Hitler had gained the support of the army.

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The death of President Hindenburg
A final note PRESIDENT HINDENBURGS DEATH GAVE
HITLER THE OPPORTUNITY TO COMBINE THE ROLE OF
CHANCELLOR AND PRESIDENT. HE CALLED HIMSELF DER
FUHRER.
August 1934
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Oath of loyalty to Adolf Hitler
Every soldier swore a personal oath of loyalty to
ADOLF HITLER.
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So, how did he become a dictator legally?
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HITLER BECAME CHANCELLOR
THE REICHSTAG FIRE
THE ENABLING ACT
Der Fuhrer
OATH OF LOYALTY TO HITLER
THE NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES
DEATH OF PRESIDENT HINDENBURG
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Scapegoat The Jews

• Hitler believed in the superiority of the Aryan
  Race
• Wanted to cleanse society
• Banned Jews from political office, encouraged
  violent acts against Jews, and encouraged massive
  boycotts of Jewish businesses.
• Defeat Gods Chosen People

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The Master Race Purification

• May 10, 1933 Book Burning
• Newsweek called it a Holocaust

Burn books written by Jews, former German
politicians, and books written by Americans!
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Master Race Genetic Engineering

• Women recruited to mother children of Aryan
  soldiers
• Often led to rapes
• Taught children at a young age about the evil
  Jews and what Aryans were

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FINAL SOLUTION

• The genocide of the Jews was the culmination of a
  decade of Nazi policy, under the rule of Adolf
  Hitler.
• The persecution and segregation of the Jews was
  implemented in stages.

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FINAL SOLUTION

• After the Nazi party achieved power,
  state-enforced racism resulted in anti-Jewish
  legislation, boycotts, "Aryanization," and the
  Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass") pogroms,
  all of which aimed to systematically isolate the
  Jews from German society and drive them out of
  Germany.

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KRISTALLNACHT

• November 9-10, 1938 - Kristallnacht, the "night
  of the broken glass," began a new phase of
  Hitler's anti-Semitic pogrom, with 30,000 Jews
  rounded up and sent to concentration camps.

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FINAL SOLUTION

• In its entirety, the "Final Solution" called for
  the murder of the Jews of Europe by gassing,
  shooting, and other means. Up to six million Jews
  lost their lives--two-thirds of the Jews living
  in Europe in 1939.

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FINAL SOLUTION

• During the time of World War II Hitler began
  forcing the Jews into concentration camps. The
  children and weak would be sent to the left and
  killed immediately in gas cambers, disguised as
  showers, and healthy people 18 and above were
  sent to the right to be made into labors. They
  would have to carry the dead bodies of their
  friends, family and fellow Jews to be cremated in
  the ovens. The prisoners would be shaved,
  stripped of all values, and after death they
  would have their gold fillings removed and sold.
  This was the Holocaust. Responsible for the death
  of six million Jews and around eleven million
  Gypsies, Jehovah Witnesses, homosexuals,
  African-Europeans, Soviet POW's, Slavic Citizens,
  Poles and the mentally ill. These events lead to
  the United States writing the Declaration of
  Human Rights.

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• The Holocaust - destruction by fire

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Prelude to the Final Solution

• When Hitler seized power in 1933 he used his new
  powers under the Enabling Law to begin his
  attack on the Jews.
• In 1938, the Nazi attack on the Jews changed and
  became more violent with Himmler launching
  Kristallnacht on 11th November 1938.
• By 1939, half of Germanys 500,000 Jews had
  emigrated to escape Nazi persecution.

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Prelude to the Final Solution

• In 1939, Germany invaded Poland which had a much
  larger population of 3 million Jews.
• In 1941, Germany invaded Russia which had a
  population of 5 million Jews.

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Change of Tactics Einsatzgruppen

• Himmler sent four specially trained SS units
  called Einsatzgruppen battalions into German
  occupied territory and shot at least 1 million
  Jews.
• Victims were taken to deserted areas where they
  were made to dig their own graves and shot.
• When the SS ran out of bullets they sometimes
  killed their victims using flame throwers.

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Change of Tactics Einsatzgruppen
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The Final Solution

• In January 1942, Himmler decided to change
  tactics once again and called a special
  conference at Wannsee.
• At this conference it was decided that the
  existing methods were too inefficient and that a
  new Final Solution was necessary.

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Wannsee Conference
Shooting was too inefficient as the bullets were
needed for the war effort
Women, children, the old the sick were to be
sent for special treatment.
The young and fit would go through a process
called destruction through work.
On arrival the Jews would go through a process
called selection.
How was the Final Solution going to be organized?
Jews were to be rounded up and put into transit
camps called Ghettoes
The remaining Jews were to be shipped to
resettlement areas in the East.
The Jews living in these Ghettos were to be used
as a cheap source of labour.
Conditions in the Ghettos were designed to be so
bad that many die whilst the rest would be
willing to leave these areas in the hope of
better conditions
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How did the Nazi decide who was Jewish?

• At the Wannsee conference it was decided that if
  one of persons parents was Jewish, then they
  were Jewish.
• However, if only one of their grandparents had
  been Jewish then they could be classified as
  being German.
• In 1940, all Jews had to have their passports
  stamped with the letter J and had to wear the
  yellow Star of David on their jacket or coat.

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Where were the Death Camps built?
The work of the Einsatzgruppen
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What tactics did the Nazis use to get the Jews to
leave the Ghettos?
Deception
New arrivals at the Death camps were given
postcards to send to their friends.
Starvation
The Jews were told that they were going to
resettlement areas in the East.
The Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto were only fed a
1000 calories a day .
Tactics
In some Ghettos the Jews had to purchase their
own train tickets.
A Human being needs 2400 calories a day to
maintain their weight
Terror
They were told to bring the tools of their trade
and pots and pans.
The SS publicly shot people for smuggling food or
for any act of resistance
Hungry people are easier to control
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Children Dying of Starvation in the Warsaw Ghetto
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SS Tactics Dehumanization

• The SS guards who murdered the Jews were
  brainwashed with Anti-Semitic propaganda.
• The Jews were transported in cattle cars in
  terrible conditions.
• Naked, dirty and half starved people look like
  animals, which helped to reinforce the Nazi
  propaganda.
• The SS used to train their new guards by
  encouraging them to set fire to a pit full of
  live victims usually children.

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Tactics What happened to new arrivals?
At Auschwitz the trains pulled into a mock up of
a normal station.
All new arrivals went through a process known as
selection.
Mothers, children, the old sick were sent
straight to the showers which were really the
gas chambers.
The Jews were helped off the cattle trucks by
Jews who were specially selected to help the Nazis
Deception Selection
The able bodied were sent to work camp were they
were killed through a process known as
destruction through work.
At some death camps the Nazis would play records
of classical music to help calm down the new
arrivals.
At Auschwitz the new arrivals were calmed down by
a Jewish orchestra playing classical music.
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Entrance to Auschwitz
Notice how it has been built to resemble a
railway station
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Map of Auschwitz
New Arrivals
Showers
Destruction Through Work
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Auschwitz from the air
Notice how the Death camp is set out like a
factory complex
The Nazis used industrial methods to murder the
Jews and process their dead bodies
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The Gas Chambers

• The Nazis would force large groups of prisoners
  into small cement rooms and drop canisters of
  Zyklon B, or prussic acid, in its crystal form
  through small holes in the roof.
• These gas chambers were sometimes disguised as
  showers or bathing houses.

The SS would try and pack up to 2000 people into
this gas chamber
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The outside of the Gas Chamber
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Processing the bodies

• Specially selected Jews known as the
  sonderkommando were used to to remove the gold
  fillings and hair of people who had been gassed.
• The Sonderkommando Jews were also forced to feed
  the dead bodies into the crematorium.

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The Ovens at Dachau
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Dead bodies waiting to be processed
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Shoes waiting to be processed by the
sonderkommando
Taken inside a huge glass case in the Auschwitz
Museum. This represents one day's collection at
the peak of the gassings, about twenty five
thousand pairs.
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Destruction Through Work
This photo was taken by the Nazis to show just
how you could quite literally work the fat of the
Jews by feeding them 200 calories a day
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Destruction Through Work
Same group of Jews 6 weeks later
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Was the Final Solution successful?

• Men like Schindler helped Jews escape the Final
  Solution.
• Not all Jews went quietly into the gas cambers.
• In 1943, the Warsaw Ghetto, like many others
  revolted against the Nazis when the Jews realised
  what was really happening.

• The Nazis aimed to kill 11 million Jews at the
  Wannsee Conference in 1941
• Today there are only 2000 Jews living in Poland.
• The Nazis managed to kill at least 6 million Jews.

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• Evil is when a few good men decide to do nothing.

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MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS

• The Jews were also used in medical experiments
  such as testing air pressure, live vivisection's,
  and changing the color of eyes using chemicals
  and dyes. The only children to not be sent to gas
  chambers immediately were twins. Instead, they
  were sent to be experimented on. Dr. Joseph
  Mengele was the main doctor at Auschwitz-Birkenau.
  Known as the 'Angle of Death' he performed many
  horrific experiments, which were of little use in
  the medical world.

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Life in the Third Reich

• Germany under the Nazis

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